Autoimmunity and Transplantation

What is the approximate prevalence of psoriasis in the population, as indicated in Figure 15.1?

What is the primary function of the AIRE (autoimmune regulator) gene within the thymus?

Which autoimmune disease is characterized by autoantibodies against desmogleins, leading to severe blistering of the skin and mucous membranes?

In the context of transplantation immunology, what is the correct term for a graft between genetically non-identical individuals of the same species?

What is the typical timeframe for a first-set acute rejection of a skin graft that is mismatched at the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)?

The transfer of which of the following from a patient with myasthenia gravis is capable of transmitting disease symptoms to a recipient animal?

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of hyperacute graft rejection?

In the autoimmune disease Type 1 diabetes, what is the primary target of the destructive immune response?

Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), a systemic autoimmune condition, is a monogenic disease caused by mutations in the gene that encodes which molecule?

What is a key feature of the placental trophoblast that helps prevent maternal immune rejection of the fetus?

How is the autoimmune disease Hashimoto's thyroiditis primarily classified?

What is the mechanism by which a newborn infant can temporarily exhibit symptoms of Graves' disease if the mother has the condition?

In the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), what is a primary role of B cells besides secreting pathogenic autoantibodies?

What is the primary mechanism of muscle weakness in myasthenia gravis?

The autoantibodies in Goodpasture's syndrome target which specific molecule, leading to inflammatory injury?

According to the table in Figure 15.37, what is the approximate relative risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis for individuals carrying the HLA-B27 allele?

Based on the data in Figure 15.37, what is the approximate female-to-male sex ratio for Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

Defects in which of these genes are the primary cause of Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED)?

Which HLA class II allele is noted for providing dominant protection against the development of type 1 diabetes?

What is the phenomenon called when the immune response, initially targeting a single epitope of an autoantigen, expands over time to recognize other epitopes on the same or different autoantigens?

Which of the following describes the 'direct pathway' of allorecognition in graft rejection?

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication primarily associated with which type of transplantation?

What is the role of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) at the maternal-fetal interface?

The development of rheumatoid arthritis is strongly associated with the post-translational modification of which amino acid into citrulline?

Which genetic locus is most consistently associated with susceptibility to a wide range of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis?

In the context of autoimmunity, what are peptides derived from polymorphic cellular proteins that differ between a transplant donor and recipient called?

What is the primary role of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in preventing autoimmunity?

What is a key characteristic of 'immunologically privileged' sites like the brain and the anterior chamber of the eye?

What is the primary pathogenic mechanism in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

How can an infection potentially trigger or exacerbate an autoimmune disease?

In multiple sclerosis, autoreactive T cells primarily target antigens associated with which of the following?

What is the phenomenon where a foreign antigen from a pathogen shares structural similarity with a self-antigen, potentially leading to an autoimmune response?

According to Figure 15.37, which autoimmune disease shows the greatest gender bias towards females, with a ratio of approximately 5 to 13 females for every male?

The susceptibility to Type 1 Diabetes is most closely associated with polymorphisms at which position of the HLA-DQ-beta chain?

Mutations in the NOD2 gene, which impair innate immune responses to gut microbiota, are strongly associated with an increased risk for which disease?

What is the term for the accelerated rejection of a second skin graft from the same donor, which typically occurs within 6-8 days?

What is the primary cause of chronic allograft vasculopathy, a major reason for late failure of transplanted organs?

Which of the following is NOT considered an immunologically privileged site?

What is the 'graft-versus-leukemia' effect in the context of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation?

What is the purpose of the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR)?

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism contributing to peripheral tolerance?

In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), defective clearance of apoptotic cells can lead to the activation of B cells that are specific for what type of autoantigen?

What is the consequence of a genetic deficiency in the C1q component of the complement system?

According to Figure 15.36, a knockout of the CTLA-4 gene in mice leads to what primary outcome?

Which drug is known to induce autoantibodies similar to those found in SLE, although they are rarely pathogenic?

What is the 'indirect pathway' of allorecognition?

What is the primary role of the non-classical MHC molecule HLA-G, expressed on the placental trophoblast?

According to Figure 15.1, what is the prevalence of multiple sclerosis?

Based on the summary table in Figure 15.15, what is the primary pathogenic role of T cells in myasthenia gravis?

What is the key difference between Crohn's disease and classic autoimmune diseases like SLE or rheumatoid arthritis, as described in the chapter?