Reading 37: Introduction to Industry and Company Analysis

50 questions available

Industry Classification and Grouping10 min
Companies are grouped into industries to facilitate analysis. Common methods include grouping by principal business activity (products and services), sensitivity to the business cycle, and statistical methods like cluster analysis. Cyclical firms have earnings highly dependent on the business cycle, often with high operating leverage and discretionary products. Non-cyclical firms produce essential goods with stable demand. Classification systems provided by commercial entities (e.g., S&P/MSCI Barra) and government bodies (e.g., ISIC, NAICS) organize economic data, though commercial systems are often more up-to-date and specific to listed companies.

Key Points

  • Groupings based on products/services, business cycle sensitivity, or statistics.
  • Cyclical vs. Non-cyclical (Defensive and Growth) classifications.
  • Commercial systems (GICS, RGS, ICB) vs. Governmental systems (ISIC, NAICS).
  • Construction of peer groups for accurate valuation.
Strategic Analysis and Pricing Power15 min
Strategic analysis examines the competitive environment. Michael Porter's Five Forces framework identifies the intensity of competition and profit potential. High barriers to entry, high industry concentration, undercapacity, and stable market shares generally support greater pricing power and return on capital. Conversely, low barriers, fragmentation, overcapacity, and unstable market shares lead to intense price competition. Understanding these dynamics helps analysts forecast industry profitability.

Key Points

  • Porter's Five Forces: Rivalry, Entry Threat, Substitutes, Buyer Power, Supplier Power.
  • Barriers to entry prevent new competition but don't guarantee high pricing power.
  • Industry concentration (absolute vs. relative share).
  • Impact of capacity (physical vs. non-physical) on pricing.
  • Market share stability and switching costs.
Industry Life Cycle and External Factors15 min
The industry life-cycle model tracks an industry from the embryonic stage through growth, shakeout, maturity, and decline. Each stage has implications for growth rates, investment needs, and competition. Analysts must also consider external factors such as macroeconomic trends, technological changes, demographic shifts, government regulations, and social influences, all of which can alter an industry's trajectory.

Key Points

  • Life Cycle Stages: Embryonic, Growth, Shakeout, Mature, Decline.
  • Limitations of the life-cycle model.
  • External influences: Macroeconomic, Technological, Demographic, Governmental, Social.
  • The experience curve effect on costs.
Company Analysis and Competitive Strategy10 min
Company analysis focuses on a specific firm's financial condition and strategy within its industry. Porter identifies two primary competitive strategies: cost leadership (lowest cost of production) and product differentiation (unique features or quality). A firm's return on equity (ROE) is a key metric in this analysis. Analysts must evaluate whether a company's strategy aligns with its industry position and life-cycle stage.

Key Points

  • Elements of thorough company analysis.
  • Cost leadership vs. Differentiation strategies.
  • Predatory pricing risks.
  • Checklist for analyzing strategy effectiveness.

Questions

Question 1

Which of the following is a primary use of industry analysis in the context of active management strategies?

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Question 2

When grouping companies by products and services, which metric is typically used to classify a firm's principal business activity?

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Question 3

Which of the following is a limitation of using statistical methods like cluster analysis to group companies?

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Question 4

Which characteristic best describes a cyclical firm?

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Question 5

Which of the following sectors is most likely to be classified as non-cyclical?

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Question 6

A growth industry is characterized by demand that is:

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Question 7

What does the term 'growth cyclical' refer to?

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Question 8

Which of the following is a commercial industry classification system?

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Question 9

A key difference between commercial and government industry classification systems is that commercial systems:

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Question 10

When forming a peer group for equity valuation, an analyst should primarily look for companies with similar:

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Question 11

Which step is part of the process to form a peer group?

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Question 12

According to Michael Porter, which of the following is one of the five forces that determine industry competition?

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Question 13

High fixed costs in an industry generally lead to:

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Question 14

How do high barriers to entry affect existing firms in an industry?

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Question 15

Pricing power is generally reduced when an industry is characterized by:

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Question 16

In the context of industry capacity, overcapacity typically results in:

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Question 17

Which factor contributes most to market share stability?

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Question 18

Which stage of the industry life cycle is characterized by slow growth and high prices due to lack of economies of scale?

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Question 19

In which stage of the industry life cycle do prices typically fall as economies of scale are reached?

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Question 20

The shakeout stage of the industry life cycle is characterized by:

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Question 21

During the mature stage of the industry life cycle, firms are most likely to:

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Question 22

In the decline stage of the industry life cycle, negative growth is often caused by:

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Question 23

A limitation of using life-cycle analysis is that:

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Question 24

The experience curve typically shows that cost per unit:

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Question 25

Which of the following is considered a macroeconomic influence on industry growth?

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Question 26

The aging of the Baby Boomer generation is an example of which type of external influence?

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Question 27

Which competitive strategy involves generating volume to make a superior return despite having the lowest prices?

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Question 28

In a differentiation strategy, a firm succeeds by:

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Question 29

Predatory pricing refers to:

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Question 30

Which of the following is an element of thorough company analysis?

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Question 31

What is a potential risk of using spreadsheet modeling for company analysis?

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Question 32

Based on the text's example of the candy/confections industry, which factor keeps competition low?

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Question 33

Industry rotation involves:

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Question 34

Which of the following is considered a defensive industry?

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Question 35

Consumer staples firms are typically:

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Question 36

A 'strategic group' within an industry consists of:

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Question 37

Switching costs contribute to market share stability by:

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Question 38

Which factor makes the 'threat of entry' high in an industry?

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Question 39

When an industry has underutilized capacity, pricing power is generally:

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Question 40

Which of the following is a characteristic of the embryonic stage of an industry?

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Question 41

In the decline stage, industry consolidation occurs because:

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Question 42

Mature firms that focus on cost efficiency are 'acting their age' because:

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Question 43

Social influences on industries relate primarily to:

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Question 44

What is a major implication of the dividend displacement of earnings?

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Question 45

Which valuation model determines the intrinsic value of a firm's equity as total asset value minus liabilities?

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Question 46

A 'sector' is best defined as:

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Question 47

Which of the following is an example of a defensive industry?

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Question 48

The threat of substitutes limits an industry's profit potential by:

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Question 49

Regarding industry concentration, a fragmented market usually results in:

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Question 50

Environmental influences are increasingly important for industries like agriculture because of:

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