Reading 36: Overview of Equity Securities

50 questions available

Types of Equity Securities10 min
This section defines common and preferred shares, detailing their respective rights and characteristics. It explains voting mechanisms for common stock and the various features attached to preferred stock that alter its risk profile.

Key Points

  • Common shareholders have a residual claim on assets and voting rights.
  • Statutory voting gives one vote per share per board seat; cumulative voting allows pooling votes for a single candidate.
  • Preferred stock typically has fixed dividends and priority over common stock.
  • Cumulative preferred shares require missed dividends to be paid before common dividends.
  • Participating preferred shares allow investors to receive extra dividends if profits exceed a certain level.
  • Convertible preferred shares can be exchanged for common stock, offering upside potential.
Private Equity and Foreign Investment10 min
This section contrasts public and private equity and outlines the mechanisms for investing in foreign markets, focusing on the structures and regulations of depository receipts.

Key Points

  • Private equity is less liquid and has lower reporting requirements than public equity.
  • Venture capital funds early-stage growth; LBOs use debt to buy established firms.
  • Depository Receipts (DRs) allow trading foreign shares on local exchanges.
  • GDRs trade outside the US and issuer's home market; ADRs trade in the US.
  • Sponsored DRs involve the issuer and provide voting rights; unsponsored do not.
Equity Risk, Return, and Valuation Concepts10 min
This section analyzes the risk and return characteristics of equity, including the impact of optionality (callable/putable) and currency exposure. It also covers accounting versus market measures of value.

Key Points

  • Equity returns include price changes, dividends, and currency gains/losses.
  • Putable shares are less risky (lower dividend yield); callable shares are more risky (higher dividend yield).
  • Book value of equity is assets minus liabilities; market value reflects future expectations.
  • Return on Equity (ROE) measures management efficiency (Net Income / Average Equity).
  • Cost of equity is the minimum return required by investors for the risk borne.

Questions

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the claim of common shareholders on a company's assets?

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Question 2

Under statutory voting, a shareholder with 100 shares participating in an election for three board directors can cast a maximum of how many votes for a single candidate?

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Question 3

Which voting system is most likely to allow a minority shareholder to secure representation on the board of directors?

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Question 4

Preferred stock is considered a hybrid security because it shares characteristics with both:

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Question 5

Which type of preferred share requires the issuer to pay any omitted dividends from previous periods before paying dividends to common shareholders?

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Question 6

Participating preference shares distinguish themselves from non-participating shares by offering shareholders the potential to:

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Question 7

Which of the following is a key advantage of convertible preference shares for an investor?

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Question 8

Which characteristic is most likely associated with private equity compared to public equity?

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Question 9

Capital provided to firms early in their life cycles to fund development and growth is best described as:

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Question 10

In a leveraged buyout (LBO), the acquirer typically:

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Question 11

A PIPE transaction allows a public firm to:

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Question 12

When investing directly in foreign securities, an investor is most likely to face which of the following obstacles?

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Question 13

A security that trades in a local market but represents ownership in a foreign firm is known as a:

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Question 14

Which type of depository receipt generally provides the investor with voting rights?

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Question 15

Global Depository Receipts (GDRs) are most commonly issued:

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Question 16

American Depository Receipts (ADRs) are denominated in:

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Question 17

Which level of American Depository Receipt allows a firm to raise capital in the United States?

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Question 18

A key characteristic of Rule 144A ADRs is that they:

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Question 19

Global Registered Shares (GRS) differ from Depository Receipts in that GRS:

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Question 20

A Basket of Listed Depository Receipts (BLDR) is best described as:

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Question 21

The total return on an equity investment in a foreign currency includes dividends, price changes, and:

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Question 22

Comparing preferred stock to common stock, preferred stock generally has:

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Question 23

Which feature would likely result in the highest dividend yield for a preferred share, all else equal?

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Question 24

Cumulative preferred shares are considered less risky than non-cumulative preferred shares because:

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Question 25

From a firm's perspective, issuing equity securities is useful for:

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Question 26

The book value of equity is calculated as:

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Question 27

The market value of equity reflects:

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Question 28

A company has net income of 50 million and average book value of equity of 250 million. Its Return on Equity (ROE) is:

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Question 29

A price-to-book ratio greater than 1.0 typically indicates that:

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Question 30

A firm's cost of equity is best interpreted as:

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Question 31

If a shareholder holds 100 shares and there are 4 director seats open, how many votes can they cast for a single candidate under statutory voting?

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Question 32

If a shareholder holds 200 shares and there are 3 director seats open, how many votes can they cast for a single candidate under cumulative voting?

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Question 33

In the event of liquidation, holders of non-participating preference shares typically have a claim equal to:

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Question 34

Mezzanine financing is a stage associated with which type of private equity investment?

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Question 35

A management buyout (MBO) is a specific type of:

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Question 36

How is the share price of private equity typically determined?

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Question 37

Global financial markets are considered integrated when:

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Question 38

Studies suggest that reducing capital barriers in a country typically leads to:

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Question 39

The underlying security on which an American Depository Receipt (ADR) is based is called the:

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Question 40

A Japanese investor holding Euro-denominated shares will realize greater Yen-based returns if:

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Question 41

Historically, long-term real returns on equity investments have been:

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Question 42

The risk of equity securities is most commonly measured by:

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Question 43

Compared to non-putable preferred shares, putable preferred shares usually exhibit:

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Question 44

Compared to non-callable preferred shares, callable preferred shares usually exhibit:

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Question 45

Publicly traded equity securities provide a firm with 'currency' that can be used to:

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Question 46

An increase in a firm's retained earnings will directly increase its:

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Question 47

The difference between the market value of equity and the book value of equity usually reflects:

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Question 48

A firm has beginning equity of 200, ending equity of 220, and net income of 42. Using the average equity method, the ROE is:

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Question 49

When a firm issues debt to repurchase equity, the immediate effect is typically to:

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Question 50

If an investor estimates that a stock's expected return exceeds their minimum required rate of return, the stock is considered:

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