Exchange Rate Calculations

50 questions available

Cross-Rate Calculations5 min
Cross-rates are exchange rates calculated between two currencies that are not directly quoted against each other, usually derived from their relationship with a common third currency like the USD. The process involves chaining exchange rates (e.g., converting Currency A to USD, then USD to Currency B) to find the implied rate between A and B.

Key Points

  • Cross rates are derived from two other currency pairs.
  • The calculation often involves multiplying or dividing spot rates depending on whether the common currency is the base or price currency in the quotes.
  • Precision is key, often involving up to four or five decimal places.
Points in Percentage (PIP)5 min
A Pip represents the smallest standard move in a currency pair quote. For most pairs, 1 Pip equals 0.0001 (1/10,000). The text provides examples of how to adjust spot rates by a given number of pips to determine new rates or forward points.

Key Points

  • 1 PIP is typically 1/10,000 or 0.0001.
  • To add pips to a rate (e.g., 66.1215 + 3 pips), add 0.0003 to get 66.1218.
  • Pips are used to quote bid-ask spreads and forward points.
Interest Rate Parity and Forward Rates10 min
Interest Rate Parity (IRP) defines the no-arbitrage relationship between spot and forward exchange rates. The forward rate is calculated by adjusting the spot rate for the interest rate differential between the two currencies. The currency with the higher interest rate will trade at a forward discount against the currency with the lower interest rate to offset the yield advantage.

Key Points

  • Formula: Forward Rate = Spot Rate * (1 + Price Currency Interest Rate) / (1 + Base Currency Interest Rate).
  • The International Fisher relationship links nominal rates, real rates, and inflation.
  • Arbitrage opportunities exist if the market forward rate deviates from the IRP calculated rate.
Forward Premiums and Discounts5 min
A forward premium or discount indicates whether the forward rate is higher (premium) or lower (discount) than the spot rate. This is often expressed as a percentage. If a currency's interest rate is lower than the other, it typically trades at a premium.

Key Points

  • Forward Premium/Discount % = (Forward Rate - Spot Rate) / Spot Rate.
  • A positive result indicates a premium (Forward > Spot).
  • A negative result indicates a discount (Forward < Spot).

Questions

Question 1

According to the provided text, what is the standard value of 1 PIP in decimal form?

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Question 2

If the spot rate is 66.1215 and the rate increases by 3 PIPs, what is the new rate?

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Question 3

Which formula correctly represents the Interest Rate Parity relationship for calculating the Forward Rate (F) given Spot Rate (S)?

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Question 4

Calculate the forward rate if the Spot rate is 50, the interest rate of the price currency is 10%, and the interest rate of the base currency is 2%.

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Question 5

According to the Fisher relationship described, nominal interest rate is equal to:

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Question 6

If the forward rate is 57 and the spot rate is 55, what is the forward premium or discount percentage?

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Question 7

In the example provided where Spot = 55 and Forward = 57, the formula used to calculate the premium is:

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Question 8

If the calculated no-arbitrage forward price is 64.7 and the market spot rate is 60 with a market forward rate of 58, which direction is the arbitrage opportunity?

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Question 9

Given a Spot rate of 50 and interest rates of 20% (Price Currency) and 10% (Base Currency), what is the Forward rate?

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Question 10

If 1 PIP = 1/10,000, how many PIPs is 0.0012?

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Question 11

In the text's cross currency rate example, what operation is implied between '1.03', '0.002', and '6500' to find the cross rate?

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Question 12

What is the relationship between Real Interest Rate, Inflation, and Nominal Interest Rate shown in the text?

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Question 13

If the Spot rate is 60 and the calculated no-arbitrage forward price is 64.7, what does a market forward price of 60 imply?

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Question 14

Given: Spot = 1.0000. Price Currency Interest = 5%. Base Currency Interest = 5%. What is the Forward Rate?

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Question 15

Identify the base currency in the quote 'Rupee 50/$'.

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Question 16

If a currency pair is quoted as 1.2500 and moves to 1.2505, how many PIPS has it moved?

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Question 17

Using the IRP formula, if the Price Currency interest rate increases while the Base Currency rate and Spot remain constant, the Forward Rate will:

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Question 18

If Spot = 100, Forward = 105, what is the forward premium?

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Question 19

If a country has a higher interest rate than another, its currency will typically trade at a forward:

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Question 20

Calculate the Spot Rate if the Forward Rate is 53.92, Price Currency Interest is 10%, and Base Currency Interest is 2%.

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Question 21

What term is used in the text to describe 'investment firms that use derivatives/leverages' in the FX market?

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Question 22

Which entity is categorized as 'Sell Side' in the FX Market Participants chart?

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Question 23

In the text, 'Real exchange rate' measures changes in:

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Question 24

Calculate the percentage appreciation of the Dollar if the rate changes from $1 = ZAR 52 to $1 = ZAR 57.

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Question 25

If the rate changes from ZAR 52 to ZAR 57 per Dollar, what is the percentage depreciation of the ZAR?

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Question 26

What is the settlement cycle for forex in the spot market mentioned in the text?

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Question 27

If a quote is given as '6500 Dong/$', which currency is the Price currency?

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Question 28

Calculate 66.1215 + 10 PIPS.

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Question 29

If Forward Rate = 54.54 and Spot Rate = 50, what is the exact premium percentage?

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Question 30

Which of the following describes 'Explicit commitment to exchange domestic currency for a foreign currency at a fixed exchange rate'?

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Question 31

In a 'Conventional fixed peg', how large is the margin around the fixed rate usually?

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Question 32

What defines a 'Monetary union' in the context of exchange rate regimes?

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Question 33

Given Spot = 50, Forward = 55. What is the value of 'Forward price - Spot price'?

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Question 34

If a forward rate is 55 and spot is 57, the currency is trading at a:

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Question 35

What is the formula for Real Exchange Rate provided in the text?

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Question 36

If nominal rate is 1.5, foreign CPI is 110, and domestic CPI is 100, what is the real exchange rate?

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Question 37

Calculate the Forward Rate: Spot = 40, Interest Price = 5%, Interest Base = 5%.

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Question 38

What type of account is typically associated with 'Governments' in the FX market participants?

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Question 39

If a currency pair moves from 1.1000 to 1.1100, what is the movement in PIPS?

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Question 40

Which exchange rate regime involves the monetary authority influencing the rate in response to specific indicators like BOP?

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Question 41

In a 'Crawling peg', the exchange rate is adjusted:

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Question 42

Calculate the discount percentage: Spot = 55, Forward = 57. Wait, if F > S, it is a premium. Calculate the premium.

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Question 43

If Nominal Interest Rate = 20% and Inflation = 15.38%, what is the approximate Real Interest Rate using the formula (1+N)/(1+I) - 1?

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Question 44

If a country uses the currency of another country as its own, this regime is called:

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Question 45

Calculate the cross rate A/C if A/B = 2.0 and B/C = 3.0.

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Question 46

Spot = 1.02 mln USD (Value). Wait, using the text example numbers: Spot = 50 INR/USD. Interest INR = 10%. Interest USD = 2%. Value in INR after 1 year?

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Question 47

If the forward rate is 55/57 - 1 = 5.45%, what were the Spot and Forward rates used in this text example?

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Question 48

In a 'Peg with horizontal bands', the currency can fluctuate relative to another currency by:

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Question 49

Which side of the FX market contains 'Sovereign Wealth Funds'?

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Question 50

Calculate the Forward Rate (F) if Spot (S) = 1.2000, Price Interest = 3%, Base Interest = 2%.

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