Introduction to Fiscal Policy5 min
Fiscal policy is the government's use of taxation and spending to influence the economy, distinct from monetary policy handled by the central bank. A budget surplus exists when revenues (T) exceed spending (G), while a deficit occurs when spending exceeds revenues. Objectives include stabilizing economic activity, wealth redistribution, and resource allocation.

Key Points

  • Conducted by the government.
  • Budget Surplus: T > G.
  • Budget Deficit: G > T.
  • Objectives: Activity level, Redistribution, Allocation.
Fiscal Policy Tools and Multipliers7 min
Tools include spending (transfer payments, current goods/services, capital projects) and revenue (direct taxes on income, indirect taxes on goods). The Fiscal Multiplier quantifies the impact of spending changes, calculated as 1 divided by (1 - MPC(1-t)). The Balanced Budget Multiplier equals 1, meaning equal increases in spending and taxes raise output by the spending amount.

Key Points

  • Spending Tools: Transfer, Current, Capital.
  • Revenue Tools: Direct vs Indirect taxes.
  • Fiscal Multiplier = 1 / [1 - MPC(1 - t)].
  • Balanced Budget Multiplier = 1.
Deficit Debates and Implementation6 min
Arguments against large deficits include the crowding-out effect, where government borrowing spikes interest rates, dampening private investment. Conversely, Ricardian Equivalence suggests deficits don't stimulate demand because people save for future taxes. Implementation suffers from recognition, action, and impact lags.

Key Points

  • Crowding-out: Higher rates reduce private investment.
  • Ricardian Equivalence: Savings offset deficits.
  • Lags: Recognition, Action, Impact.
  • Constraint: Supply shortages and multiple targets.
Interaction with Monetary Policy5 min
The combined effect of fiscal and monetary policy determines aggregate outcomes. If both are expansionary, output rises; if both are contractionary, output falls. When policies diverge (one expansionary, one contractionary), the effect on output varies, but the impact on interest rates is compounded (e.g., Expansionary Fiscal + Contractionary Monetary = Higher Rates).

Key Points

  • Exp Fiscal + Exp Monetary = Output Up.
  • Exp Fiscal + Contr Monetary = Rates Up.
  • Contr Fiscal + Exp Monetary = Rates Down.
  • Contr Fiscal + Contr Monetary = Output Down.

Questions

Question 1

Who is primarily responsible for undertaking fiscal policy?

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Question 2

Which condition describes a budget surplus?

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Question 3

What is the primary objective of fiscal policy regarding wealth?

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Question 4

Which of the following is considered a 'spending tool' of fiscal policy?

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Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a direct tax?

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Question 6

What does MPC stand for in the context of the fiscal multiplier?

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Question 7

If a person receives an extra 100 dollars and spends 80 dollars of it, what is their MPC?

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Question 8

What is the formula for the fiscal multiplier including the tax rate (t)?

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Question 9

Calculate the fiscal multiplier if MPC is 0.8 and the tax rate is 25 percent.

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Question 10

How does an increase in the tax rate affect the fiscal multiplier?

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Question 11

Which concept suggests that government borrowing raises interest rates and decreases private sector investment?

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Question 12

What is Ricardian equivalence?

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Question 13

According to the Balanced Budget Multiplier Principle, what is the value of the multiplier?

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Question 14

In a balanced budget scenario where the government spends 100 million and taxes 100 million (MPC = 0.8), what is the initial impact on demand?

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Question 15

Which lag refers to the time it takes for policymakers to assess the problem based on economic statistics?

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Question 16

Which of the following is considered a cause of delay in fiscal policy implementation?

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Question 17

What is an argument against being concerned about the size of a fiscal deficit?

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Question 18

Which of the following is a limitation or difficulty in implementing fiscal policy?

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Question 19

If both fiscal and monetary policy are expansionary, what is the expected impact on output?

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Question 20

If fiscal policy is expansionary and monetary policy is contractionary, what is the expected effect on interest rates?

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Question 21

If fiscal policy is contractionary and monetary policy is expansionary, what is the expected effect on interest rates?

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Question 22

What is the result when both fiscal and monetary policies are contractionary?

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Question 23

What defines a 'Current Spending' tool in fiscal policy?

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Question 24

Which of the following is an example of 'Transfer Payments'?

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Question 25

Capital spending usually refers to government expenditure on:

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Question 26

Which policy mix results in 'Interest rates vary' (indeterminate)?

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Question 27

When Expansionary Fiscal Policy is combined with Contractionary Monetary Policy, what happens to Output?

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Question 28

Why might fiscal deficits lead to disincentives to work?

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Question 29

What is 'Crowding-out' primarily concerned with?

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Question 30

Which of the following is NOT an objective of fiscal policy mentioned in the text?

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Question 31

What is the relationship between MPC and MPS (Marginal Propensity to Save)?

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Question 32

If the Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) increases, what happens to the fiscal multiplier (assuming tax rate is constant)?

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Question 33

What does a high 'Action Lag' imply for fiscal policy?

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Question 34

Which of the following is a 'Revenue Tool' of fiscal policy?

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Question 35

If government spending (G) is 500 and tax revenue (T) is 400, what is the budget balance?

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Question 36

Which argument supports the idea that fiscal deficits may not be inherently bad?

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Question 37

What does the 'Balanced Budget Multiplier' equal?

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Question 38

Expansionary fiscal policy typically involves:

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Question 39

Contractionary fiscal policy is used to:

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Question 40

What is 'Impact Lag'?

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Question 41

Which issue refers to the fact that government borrowing might increase interest rates?

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Question 42

Ricardian equivalence suggests that providing a tax cut financed by debt will:

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Question 43

Which of the following describes a 'Supply Shortage' issue in fiscal policy context?

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Question 44

What happens if the government has 'Multiple Targets'?

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Question 45

Fiscal policy is most effective at influencing:

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Question 46

In the multiplier formula 1 / (1 - MPC(1-t)), what does 't' represent?

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Question 47

If fiscal policy is used to redistribute wealth, which tool is most likely employed?

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Question 48

What is the primary risk of misreading economic statistics?

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Question 49

Which of the following best describes the 'Limits to deficits' difficulty?

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Question 50

When both Fiscal and Monetary policies are Expansionary, what is the impact on Private Sector Spending?

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