Library/CFA (Chartered Financial Analyst)/JuiceNotes 2024 Fixed Income/Yield and Yield Spread Measures for Floating-Rate Instruments

Yield and Yield Spread Measures for Floating-Rate Instruments

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Floating-Rate Instruments (FRNs)5 min
Floating-rate notes (FRNs) adjust their coupon payments based on a reference rate (MRR) plus a spread (Quoted Margin). This structure stabilizes the bond's price against interest rate fluctuations. The coupon is typically determined at the beginning of a period and paid at the end (payment in arrears). The market price of an FRN depends on the relationship between the Quoted Margin (QM) and the investor's Required Margin (RM). If QM > RM, the bond trades at a premium; if QM < RM, it trades at a discount.

Key Points

  • FRN coupons = Reference Rate + Quoted Margin.
  • Price is stable because coupons reset to market conditions.
  • Quoted Margin (QM) is fixed; Required Margin (RM) changes with credit risk.
  • QM > RM implies Premium; QM < RM implies Discount.
  • Interest is typically paid in arrears.
Money Market Yield Measures6 min
Money market instruments are short-term debts (<= 1 year) quoted on an annualized, non-compounded basis. They use different conventions than the bond market. Instruments like Treasury bills and Commercial Paper use a Discount Rate basis (interest deducted from face value, usually 360-day year). Instruments like CDs and Repos use an Add-on Rate basis (interest added to principal, often 365-day year). To compare them, analysts convert yields to a common Bond Equivalent Yield (BEY).

Key Points

  • Money market yields are annualized but not compounded.
  • Discount Rate (DR): Based on Face Value, usually 360 days.
  • Add-on Rate (AOR): Based on Principal/Price, usually 365 days.
  • DR equation: PV = FV * (1 - DR * Days/360).
  • AOR equation: FV = PV * (1 + AOR * Days/Year).
Comparing and Converting Rates5 min
Investment analysis across different money market instruments requires converting rates to a comparable basis. The Bond Equivalent Yield (BEY) is a standard measure, calculated as a 365-day add-on yield. The chapter demonstrates converting a 360-day discount rate to a 365-day add-on rate to determine which instrument offers a higher return. This involves first finding the price/proceeds and then annualizing the holding period return over 365 days.

Key Points

  • Compare instruments by converting to BEY.
  • Step 1: Calculate purchase price or redemption value.
  • Step 2: Calculate profit percentage on invested amount.
  • Step 3: Annualize using a 365-day year.
  • Discount rates generally understate the effective yield compared to add-on rates.

Questions

Question 1

What is the primary characteristic of the coupon payments for a floating-rate note (FRN)?

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Question 2

In the context of floating-rate notes, what is the 'Quoted Margin'?

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Question 3

If the Quoted Margin (QM) on a floating-rate note is greater than the Required Margin (RM) demanded by investors, how will the bond trade?

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Question 4

A floating-rate note pays a coupon of MRR + 150 basis points. If the market's required margin for this issuer is currently 200 basis points, the bond is likely trading at:

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Question 5

Which of the following typically characterizes money market instruments?

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Question 6

Which of the following money market instruments is typically quoted on a discount rate basis?

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Question 7

A 180-day Commercial Paper has a face value of 1,000,000 USD and is quoted at a discount rate of 4 percent based on a 360-day year. What is the issue price?

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Question 8

Consider a 90-day Certificate of Deposit (CD) with a principal of 5,000,000 USD quoted at an add-on rate of 3 percent using a 365-day year. What is the redemption value at maturity?

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Question 9

How do bond yields differ from money market yields regarding compounding?

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Question 10

An investor holds a 180-day T-bill quoted at a discount rate of 2 percent (360-day year). What is the bond equivalent yield (BEY)?

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Question 11

Why do floating-rate notes (FRNs) generally have stable prices?

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Question 12

Assume a 2-year FRN pays MRR + 2.5 percent. The current MRR is 3 percent, and the margin required by investors is 3.5 percent. What will happen to the price of the FRN?

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Question 13

Which term describes the interest payment structure where the rate is determined at the beginning of the period but paid at the end?

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Question 14

If a firm has improved its creditworthiness significantly since issuing a floating-rate note, how does the Quoted Margin compare to the Required Margin?

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Question 15

Calculate the price of a 180-day T-bill quoted at a discount rate of 3.5 percent (360-day year) with a face value of 100,000 EUR.

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Question 16

What does an 'Add-on Rate' quote of 4 percent for a 365-day year imply for a 100 USD loan over one year?

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Question 17

Which of the following conventions is most common for United States Treasury bills?

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Question 18

To compare a 90-day commercial paper quoted at a discount rate (360-day) with a 90-day CD quoted at an add-on rate (365-day), an analyst should convert:

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Question 19

A bond has a Quoted Margin of 100 bps. The market requires a 125 bps margin. The Reference Rate (MRR) is 4 percent. What is the approximate coupon rate?

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Question 20

Calculate the add-on rate (AOR) for a 365-day year given a 90-day holding period return of 2 percent.

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Question 21

A certificate of deposit (CD) is issued for 10 million USD for 60 days at an add-on rate of 2.5 percent (365-day year). What is the total interest paid?

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Question 22

Which of the following best describes the 'Amount' in the formula for a Discount Rate quote?

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Question 23

Why might a Commercial Paper rate converted to a Bond Equivalent Yield (BEY) be higher than its quoted Discount Rate?

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Question 24

Calculate the Discount Rate (360-day basis) for a T-bill purchased at 98.50 with 90 days to maturity (Face Value = 100).

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Question 25

If a floating-rate note typically has a periodicity of 2 (semiannual), what does this imply for its yield calculation?

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Question 26

When comparing two money market instruments, why might an analyst prefer the one with the lower quoted rate?

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Question 27

Instrument A is a 90-day T-bill quoted at 2 percent discount (360-day). Instrument B is a 90-day CD quoted at 2.05 percent add-on (365-day). Which offers the higher Bond Equivalent Yield?

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Question 28

What is the primary reason quoted margins on FRNs might differ from required margins?

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Question 29

Calculate the price of a 60-day commercial paper with a face value of 1,000,000 USD and a discount rate of 5 percent (360-day year).

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Question 30

A Money Market yield quoted on an add-on basis is 4.5 percent (360-day year). Convert this to a Bond Equivalent Yield (BEY) for a 120-day instrument.

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Question 31

Which factor would most likely result in a negative Quoted Margin on an FRN?

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Question 32

What is the effective annual rate (EAR) of a money market instrument with a periodicity of 1?

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Question 33

An FRN pays MRR + 50bps. If the MRR remains constant but the issuer's credit rating is downgraded, what happens to the Discount Margin (Required Margin)?

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Question 34

If a bond's quoted price is 98.00 and it has accrued interest of 1.50, what is the 'Full Price' paid by the buyer?

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Question 35

Which yield curve shape usually exists when a money market discount rate is significantly lower than the bond equivalent yield?

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Question 36

If an investor purchases a 180-day Bankers' Acceptance quoted at 3.0 percent discount (360-day), what is the effective annual yield (assuming 365-day year for compounding)?

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Question 37

Which of the following describes 'Bond Equivalent Yield' for a money market instrument?

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Question 38

For a Floating Rate Note, if the reference rate is 3 percent and the quoted margin is 50 basis points, what is the coupon payment for a period of 180 days on a 1,000,000 USD face value (assuming 360-day convention)?

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Question 39

Why is the 360-day year convention often used in money markets?

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Question 40

A 90-day T-bill is quoted at 2.40 percent discount. What is the purchase price for 1,000 face value?

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Question 41

Which of the following instruments is generally quoted on an add-on rate basis?

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Question 42

Calculate the holding period return (HPR) for a 180-day T-bill purchased at 980 and maturing at 1000.

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Question 43

If a Repo rate is quoted at 3.0 percent for 7 days (360-day year), what is the repayment amount on 10,000,000 USD?

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Question 44

What happens to the price of a 'floater' (FRN) on a reset date if the credit quality of the issuer is unchanged?

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Question 45

Convert a 2.50 percent discount rate (360-day) on a 180-day instrument to an Add-on Rate (360-day).

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Question 46

The 'periodicity' of a standard US government bond yield is:

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Question 47

What does a Quoted Margin of 'MRR + 0 bps' imply?

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Question 48

Using a 365-day year, calculate the discount rate for a bill with 182 days to maturity priced at 97.50.

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Question 49

Which instrument's quoted 'amount' usually refers to the face value paid at maturity?

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Question 50

If a bond trades at a quoted price of 99.00 and the par value is 1,000, what is the flat price in currency terms?

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