Reading 40: Fixed-Income Markets: Issuance, Trading, and Funding

50 questions available

Classifications of Global Fixed-Income Markets10 min
Bonds are classified by issuer type (governments, corporations, etc.), credit quality (investment grade: Baa3/BBB- or higher; non-investment grade: Ba1/BB+ or lower), and maturity. Money market securities have original maturities of one year or less, while capital market securities have maturities greater than one year. Bonds are also categorized by currency, geography (domestic, foreign, Eurobond), and coupon structure (fixed vs. floating). Reference rates like LIBOR are transitioning to market-based rates such as SOFR.

Key Points

  • Investment grade bonds are rated Baa3/BBB- or above.
  • Money market securities mature in one year or less.
  • Eurobonds are issued outside the jurisdiction of any one country.
  • Floating-rate notes reference rates like LIBOR or SOFR.
Primary and Secondary Markets10 min
New bonds are issued in the primary market via underwritten offerings (investment bank buys the issue), best efforts offerings (bank acts as broker), or auctions (common for government debt). A shelf registration allows issuers to sell bonds over time. Secondary markets are chiefly OTC dealer markets where bid-ask spreads reflect liquidity. Settlement ranges from cash settlement to T+3.

Key Points

  • Underwritten offerings transfer risk to the investment bank.
  • Auctions are primarily used for sovereign debt.
  • Secondary trading occurs mostly in dealer markets.
  • Settlement conventions vary by bond type.
Sovereign, Non-Sovereign, and Corporate Debt10 min
Sovereign bonds are backed by national governments' taxing power. Non-sovereign bonds are issued by local governments. Corporate debt includes commercial paper (short-term, unsecured funding for working capital) and medium-term notes (MTNs). Commercial paper is subject to rollover risk. Corporate bonds may have serial or term maturity structures.

Key Points

  • Sovereign bonds are generally considered free of default risk in their own currency.
  • Commercial paper is short-term, unsecured corporate debt.
  • Rollover risk is the risk of being unable to refinance maturing paper.
  • MTNs allow issuers to tailor debt to investor needs.
Structured Financial Instruments10 min
Structured instruments alter risk profiles. Capital protected instruments guarantee principal. Yield enhancement instruments, like credit-linked notes, offer higher yields for assuming specific credit risks. Participation instruments allow investors to gain exposure to underlying assets (e.g., floating-rate notes). Leveraged instruments, such as inverse floaters, amplify returns based on rate movements.

Key Points

  • Credit-linked notes provide yield enhancement.
  • Capital protected instruments guarantee a minimum payment.
  • Inverse floaters have coupon rates that move inversely to reference rates.
  • Participation instruments track underlying asset returns.
Short-Term Funding and Repurchase Agreements10 min
Banks fund operations through deposits, CDs, and interbank borrowing. Repurchase agreements (repos) are collateralized loans where securities are sold and repurchased later at a higher price. The repo rate is the implied interest rate, while the repo margin (haircut) protects the lender against collateral value declines.

Key Points

  • Repos are short-term collateralized borrowing.
  • The repo rate is the annualized interest cost.
  • Repo margin (haircut) is the difference between market value and loan amount.
  • Reverse repos involve lending funds by buying collateral.

Questions

Question 1

Which of the following bonds is most likely considered an investment grade bond?

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Question 2

Which securities are classified as money market securities?

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Question 3

A bond issued by a Chinese firm, denominated in yuan, and traded in markets outside of Japan and China is most accurately described as a:

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Question 4

In a primary market transaction, which offering method involves the investment bank purchasing the entire bond issue from the issuer?

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Question 5

Trading on a 'when issued' basis occurs in which market?

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Question 6

The settlement cycle for corporate bonds is typically:

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Question 7

Sovereign bonds with the highest credit ratings are usually backed by:

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Question 8

Which type of bond is issued by entities such as the World Bank or the IMF?

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Question 9

A loan funded by a group of banks rather than a single bank is called a:

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Question 10

In the United States, commercial paper typically has a maturity of:

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Question 11

The risk that a company will be unable to sell new commercial paper to replace maturing paper is known as:

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Question 12

Calculate the price of a 240-day commercial paper with a discount yield of 1.35 percent and a face value of 100.

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Question 13

Medium-term notes (MTNs) are best described as:

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Question 14

A structured financial instrument that pays a return based on a credit event, such as a downgrade or default, is known as a:

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Question 15

Which of the following is a yield enhancement instrument?

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Question 16

A structured security combining a zero-coupon bond and a call option on a stock index is most likely a:

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Question 17

For a floating-rate note, the coupon payments are typically based on:

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Question 18

An inverse floater has a coupon rate that:

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Question 19

A deleveraged inverse floater has a coupon leverage multiplier:

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Question 20

Banks often borrow excess reserves from other banks in the:

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Question 21

Negotiable certificates of deposit (CDs) are typically:

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Question 22

A repurchase agreement where the borrower sells a security and agrees to buy it back at a higher price is effectively a:

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Question 23

If a bond is sold for 940,000 and repurchased for 947,050 after 90 days, the repo rate is closest to:

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Question 24

The 'repo margin' or 'haircut' is defined as:

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Question 25

Which factor would result in a lower repo rate?

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Question 26

A 'reverse repo' refers to:

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Question 27

A bond issued by a local government entity, such as a city or county, is classified as a:

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Question 28

The spread between bid and ask prices is typically narrower for:

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Question 29

On-the-run bonds are:

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Question 30

A 'shelf registration' allows an issuer to:

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Question 31

In an underwritten offering, the risk that the entire issue is not sold is borne by the:

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Question 32

LIBOR is being replaced by market-determined rates such as:

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Question 33

A serial bond issue is best described as an issue where:

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Question 34

Most secondary market trading of bonds takes place in:

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Question 35

Which of the following is an example of an internal credit enhancement?

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Question 36

Typically, the settlement for government bonds occurs on:

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Question 37

A 'tender offer' in the bond market refers to:

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Question 38

Which of the following bonds are considered essentially free of default risk?

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Question 39

Agency bonds in the United States are issued by:

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Question 40

If a repo margin is 5 percent, and the loan amount is 1,000,000, the collateral value is closest to:

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Question 41

A bridge financing loan is best described as:

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Question 42

Commercial paper issuers typically maintain backup lines of credit to:

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Question 43

A guarantee certificate is an example of a:

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Question 44

Customer deposits at a bank are a form of:

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Question 45

Which factor would increase the repo margin (haircut)?

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Question 46

The reference rate for floating-rate bonds should match the bond's:

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Question 47

A 'best efforts' offering implies that the investment bank:

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Question 48

Which of the following is true regarding 'benchmark bonds'?

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Question 49

In a leveraged inverse floater, the change in the coupon rate is:

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Question 50

Central bank funds rates refer to rates for:

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