Genetics of Sex

In humans and other mammals, what term is used to describe females who typically have two X chromosomes?

What is the primary genetic trigger for the development of testes in the early human embryo?

What are the regions at the ends of the X and Y chromosomes that contain homologous sequences and allow for pairing during meiosis called?

In the human sex differentiation pathway, the SRY protein, a transcription factor, directly activates the expression of which other key gene?

An individual with an XX genotype has the SRY gene translocated to one of their X chromosomes. What is the most likely anatomical phenotype for this individual?

What is the chromosomal basis for Swyer syndrome?

What mechanism of dosage compensation is used in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster?

The patchwork fur color of calico and tortoiseshell cats is a striking visual example of what genetic phenomenon?

What is the most likely karyotype for a rare male calico cat?

What term refers to a person's innate, deeply felt sense of being a girl, boy, a blend of both, or an alternative identity?

According to the text, Complete Androgen Insensitivity (CAIS) is caused by mutations in which type of gene?

In the case of red-green colorblindness in humans, why can a female heterozygous for a recessive colorblindness allele usually see color normally?

What is the defining characteristic of a sex-limited trait?

In a cross between a red-eyed heterozygous female fruit fly (Xw+/Xw-) and a white-eyed male (Xw-/Y), what proportion of the female offspring is expected to have white eyes?

Why are autosomal aneuploidies generally more severe and less common in the human population than sex chromosome aneuploidies?

What is the key difference between sex-determination genes and sex-linked genes?

A condition in which XY individuals have a loss of function mutation in the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), often resulting in ambiguous external genitalia at birth, is known as what?

The visually observable structure in the nucleus of a mammalian female cell that represents the condensed, inactive X chromosome is called what?

What hormone, produced by the developing testes, causes the degeneration of the Müllerian duct in a developing human male embryo?

In a reciprocal cross experiment with Drosophila, a white-eyed female is crossed with a red-eyed (wild-type) male. What are the expected phenotypes of the F1 generation?

A human individual with a single X chromosome and no second sex chromosome (XO) has which condition?

What is the chromosomal system of sex determination in birds?

The development of female structures like the uterus and oviducts from the Müllerian duct is triggered by which hormone?

According to some estimates including atypical ploidy, approximately what percentage of the human population has a Difference of Sex Development (DSD)?

Why are individuals with chromosomal aneuploidies like XXY and XXX generally viable and often have few phenotypic effects?

What is the primary factor that determines sex in honeybees?

What is a cisgender individual?

Approximately how many genes are carried on the human X chromosome?

In birds with a ZW sex-determination system, the DMRT1 gene on the Z chromosome is haploinsufficient. What does this mean for ZW individuals?

Which condition results from mutations in the enzyme 21-hydroxylase, leading to a buildup of testosterone and masculinization of external genitalia in XX individuals?

Why do traits that follow standard Mendelian patterns of inheritance show no difference in reciprocal crosses, while sex-linked traits often do?

In mammals, which long non-coding RNA molecule is responsible for coating the X chromosome to be inactivated and initiating the silencing process?

In the absence of SRY, an alternative set of molecular signals, including WNT4 and RSPO1, leads to the development of what structures?

What is the key functional difference between a sex-influenced trait and a sex-linked trait?

In the case of Hemophilia A, a recessive X-linked disorder, why do heterozygous females typically not have the disease?

A person with an XYY genotype would be best described as having which condition?

What is the definition of anatomical sex?

The work of Thomas Hunt Morgan with the white-eyed fruit fly was crucial for demonstrating what fundamental concept?

In the cross of a red-eyed heterozygous female fruit fly (Xw+/Xw-) and a red-eyed male (Xw+/Y), what percentage of the male offspring will have white eyes?

Skewed X-inactivation, where one X chromosome is inactivated in significantly more than 50 percent of cells, can lead to what outcome in a female heterozygous for a recessive X-linked disorder?

What is the primary characteristic of a Y-linked trait's inheritance pattern?

Which part of the early human embryo develops into the male reproductive tract under the influence of testosterone?

The red and green cone pigment genes, which are crucial for color vision, are located on which chromosome in humans?

Which of these is NOT an example of a Difference of Sex Development (DSD) mentioned in the text?

In the mechanism of dosage compensation in C. elegans, what happens to the X chromosomes in XX individuals?

Why do chromosomal males (XY) always express the phenotype determined by their one allele for an X-linked gene?

In the context of the genetics of sex, the term 'intersex' is another term for what?

What is the consequence of a loss of function in the Wolffian duct system in a developing embryo?

In the ABO blood type system described in the text, the O allele is recessive. If a tortoiseshell female cat (X^O X^B) has blood type O (genotype ii), and she mates with an orange male cat (X^O Y) who has blood type AB (genotype I^A I^B), what is the probability of them having an orange, male kitten with blood type A?

A diploid individual can only have two alleles for a given gene, but in a biological population, there may be many different variations. The text describes this in the context of the ABO blood group and the O gene in cats. What concept does this illustrate?