Translation and genetic code

What are the fundamental molecular building blocks used to assemble proteins?

Which level of protein structure is defined simply by the order of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain from N-terminus to C-terminus?

The genetic code is described as 'degenerate'. What does this term signify?

Out of the 64 possible three-base codons in the genetic code, how many are used as stop codons to terminate translation?

What is the term for the region at the 5' end of an mRNA molecule that is not read beginning with the first amino acid and precedes the start codon?

What are the Svedburg (S) unit sizes for the large and small subunits of a eukaryotic ribosome?

The ribosome is considered a ribozyme. What does this indicate about its catalytic activity?

What are the names of the three adjacent sites within the ribosome where mRNA and tRNAs interact during translation?

What is the function of the 'A site' (aminoacyl site) in the ribosome?

What is the name of the enzymes responsible for charging a tRNA with its matching amino acid?

What is the term for the non-perfect base pairing that can occur at the third position of a codon?

In prokaryotes, where does translation initiation begin, and how is this different from eukaryotes?

What is the initiator amino acid used in prokaryotic translation?

During the elongation phase of prokaryotic translation, which elongation factor escorts a charged tRNA to the A site of the ribosome?

What is the key difference between the template strand and the coding strand of a gene in relation to the resulting mRNA sequence?

How many common amino acids are typically used for protein synthesis in biological systems?

What type of chemical bond links amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain?

A key feature of tRNAs is the presence of non-canonical nucleotide residues. Which of the following are examples of such unusual residues mentioned in the text?

In the context of the genetic code, what establishes the reading frame for an RNA molecule during translation?

What major structural difference in cellular organization allows for simultaneous transcription and translation in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes?

What is the directionality of polypeptide synthesis during translation?

In the process of prokaryotic translation termination, what binds to the stop codon in the A site of the ribosome?

Which part of the tRNA molecule is responsible for forming complementary base pairs with the codons of an mRNA?

How many rRNA molecules are present in a prokaryotic ribosome?

What does the term 'open reading frame' (ORF) signify when analyzing a DNA sequence?

What type of bond holds the alpha helix and beta sheet secondary structures of a protein together?

If a prokaryotic mRNA has the sequence 5'-AGGAGGU...AUG...-3', what is the function of the AGGAGGU sequence?

In the wobble pairing rules described, which base in the tRNA anticodon can pair with three different bases (U, C, or A) in the mRNA codon?

What happens during the translocation step of elongation in translation?

A polypeptide is a polymer of amino acids. Once incorporated into the chain, what are the individual amino acids referred to as?

Which of the following codons serves as the 'Start' codon and also codes for the amino acid Methionine?

For every RNA molecule, there are how many potential reading frames?

What is the total number of rRNA molecules and proteins in a eukaryotic ribosome?

The 2D structure of a tRNA is often depicted as a cloverleaf. What is its three-dimensional structure described as?

What is the primary reason that translation control elements like the start and stop codons must be located within the transcribed region of a gene?

What are the three main stages of translation?

In a polypeptide chain, what are the names of the two distinct ends?

What is the consensus sequence for the Shine-Dalgarno site in prokaryotic mRNA?

During prokaryotic translation initiation, the Shine-Dalgarno sequence base-pairs with a complementary sequence on which molecule?

Why is it stated that an open reading frame (ORF) in eukaryotes may consist of multiple ORFs, whereas in prokaryotes it is typically one continuous ORF?

Which level of protein structure is most directly determined by the sequence of codons in an mRNA molecule?

What is the function of the P site (peptidyl site) within the ribosome during translation?

Which of these bonds would contribute to a protein's tertiary structure but NOT its primary structure?

If a tRNA has an anticodon sequence of 3'-ACG-5', which mRNA codon would it recognize through canonical base pairing?

All eukaryotic polypeptides initially begin with which amino acid?

What happens to the initiator tRNA after the first peptide bond is formed and the ribosome translocates?

Quaternary structure is a level of protein organization that is not present in all proteins. What does its presence signify?

What is the primary function of the ribosome as a whole during protein synthesis?

How does the ribosome 'know' where to stop translation on an mRNA molecule?

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between a gene's coding sequence, its open reading frame (ORF), and its exons in a typical eukaryotic gene?