BACK AND SPINAL CORD

According to the dermatome map provided, which spinal nerve level corresponds to the skin over the level of the clavicles?

What is the anatomical term for the normal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine as illustrated in the lateral view of the vertebral column?

Based on the diagram showing the relationship between spinal nerve roots and vertebrae, what is the name of the tapered, terminal end of the spinal cord?

According to the provided diagram on spinal nerve root relations, a lateral disc protrusion at the L4–L5 intervertebral level typically affects which spinal nerve?

Which large, superficial muscle of the back is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve and is responsible for extending, adducting, and medially rotating the humerus?

The greater occipital nerve, which provides sensation to the posterior scalp, is identified as the medial branch of the posterior ramus of which spinal nerve?

What is the total number of cervical spinal nerves and the total number of cervical vertebrae?

Which ligament, rich in yellow elastic tissue, connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae and helps to preserve the upright posture?

Which structure forms the floor of the suboccipital triangle and contains the horizontal segment of the vertebral artery?

To obtain a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via lumbar puncture, a needle is inserted into which anatomical space?

What is the primary action of the trapezius muscle, as indicated in the muscle tables?

The venous conduits responsible for the metastasis of cancer cells to the spine, lungs, and brain are known as what?

Which landmark on a thoracic vertebra articulates with the head of a rib?

Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the erector spinae group?

The spinal dura mater terminates as a blind sac at what vertebral level?

Which structures form the boundaries of the intervertebral foramen?

The artery of Adamkiewicz, a large anterior radicular artery critical for spinal cord blood supply, is typically found at which level?

What is the collective term for the lumbar and sacral nerve roots that travel within the dural sac below the end of the spinal cord?

Which muscle forms the inferolateral boundary of the suboccipital triangle?

What is the clinical importance of the C7 spinous process?

Which ligament extends from the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies within the vertebral canal?

Which part of the erector spinae muscle group has attachments to the angles of the ribs and cervical transverse processes?

Which spinal meningeal layer is described as overlying the spinal cord and being intimately adhered to it?

Drooping of the shoulder indicates weakness of or injury to which nerve, affecting the trapezius muscle?

In a cross-section through the lumbar region, which large muscle is located immediately anterior to the lumbar vertebrae and contains the lumbar spinal nerves within its substance?

What is the primary blood supply to the spinalis and longissimus muscles in the thoracic region?

What is the name of the structure formed by the superior and inferior vertebral notches of adjacent vertebrae?

The serratus posterior inferior muscle, which depresses the ribs, is innervated by which nerves?

Which part of a typical spinal nerve contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons?

Which of the following ligaments is NOT found in the lumbar region, connecting the ilium to the lumbar spine?

What is the anatomical term for the prominent superior and anterior edge of the S1 vertebral body?

Which two arteries are the main longitudinal vessels supplying the spinal cord?

The levator scapulae muscle, which elevates the scapula, originates from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of which vertebrae?

Spondylolysis of the 5th lumbar vertebra, a clinical condition where the vertebral body separates from its posterior elements, can lead to what condition if it occurs bilaterally?

Which spinal cord tracts are part of the posterior column system and are responsible for transmitting sensations of fine touch and proprioception?

In a typical thoracic spinal nerve, what is the function of the white and gray rami communicantes?

What is the primary action of the splenius capitis muscle when acting unilaterally?

The cauda equina can be anesthetized by injecting anesthetic into the subarachnoid space. What is this procedure called?

Which part of the anulus fibrosus of an intervertebral disc is thinner and therefore more prone to rupture, leading to disc herniation?

In the schema of the parasympathetic nervous system, from which spinal cord segments do the preganglionic fibers that form the pelvic splanchnic nerves arise?

What is the collective name for the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles?

What is the name of the ligamentous extensions of the pia mater that anchor the spinal cord laterally to the dura mater?

On a T2-weighted sagittal MRI of the lumbar spine, which structure appears bright white due to its high water content?

What is the main action of the multifidus muscle?

The posterior rootlets of spinal nerves T7 and T8 are shown entering the spinal cord in Plate 169. What type of information do these rootlets carry?

Which bony landmark is used to administer caudal epidural anesthesia?

Which two muscles are found in the intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles?

What is the dermatome level corresponding to the skin at the umbilicus?

Which muscle, originating from the spine of the axis (C2), has a primary action to rotate the atlas (C1) and turn the face to the same side?

What are the contents of the epidural space in the vertebral canal?