Application Layer

From an application developer's perspective, which of the following best describes the network architecture?

What is the defining characteristic of the peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture?

In the context of a communication session between two processes, how is the 'client' process defined?

What two pieces of information are required to identify a specific receiving process on a destination host in the Internet?

Which transport layer protocol provides a connection-oriented service and reliable data transfer?

What is Transport Layer Security (TLS) and how is it related to TCP?

According to the text, what is an 'application-layer protocol' responsible for defining?

What is the relationship between the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and the World Wide Web application?

What are the two components of a URL, as described in the overview of HTTP?

HTTP is described as a 'stateless protocol'. What does this mean?

To transfer a web page consisting of a base HTML file and 10 JPEG images from the same server using non-persistent HTTP connections, how many TCP connections are generated in total?

What is the approximate total response time to request and receive a single HTML file using a non-persistent HTTP connection, expressed in terms of RTT (round-trip time)?

What is a primary advantage of using persistent HTTP connections over non-persistent connections?

In an HTTP request message, which line specifies the browser type that is making the request?

Which HTTP method is typically used when a user fills out a form, and the entity body of the request message contains the user-entered data?

What does the HTTP response status code '301 Moved Permanently' signify?

What are the four components of cookie technology as described in the text?

What is another name for a Web cache, as mentioned in the text?

In the example of an institutional network with a 15 Mbps access link, an average object size of 1 Mbits, and a request rate of 15 requests per second, what is the traffic intensity on the access link?

What HTTP mechanism allows a cache to verify if its stored objects are up to date without re-downloading the entire object?

If a cache sends a conditional GET request and the object has NOT been modified, what HTTP status code does the server return?

What is the primary motivation behind the development of HTTP/2?

How does HTTP/2 solve the Head of Line (HOL) blocking problem?

What are the three major components of the Internet mail system?

What is the primary function of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)?

What is a key restriction of the SMTP protocol that requires multimedia data to be encoded before transfer?

In the common e-mail scenario, why does a recipient like Bob need a mail access protocol such as IMAP or HTTP?

What is the main task of the Internet's domain name system (DNS)?

Besides hostname translation, which of the following is another important service provided by DNS?

What is a primary reason the DNS is implemented as a distributed, hierarchical database instead of a single centralized server?

What are the three classes of DNS servers in the hierarchy, to a first approximation?

What is the function of an authoritative DNS server?

In the DNS resolution process shown in Figure 2.19, what type of query is sent from the requesting host (cse.nyu.edu) to its local DNS server (dns.nyu.edu)?

What is the purpose of the 'TTL' field in a DNS resource record?

What type of DNS resource record (RR) is used to provide the standard hostname-to-IP address mapping?

If a company wants its mail server and Web server to have the same aliased hostname, for instance 'enterprise.com', which two DNS record types would be used to distinguish them?

In client-server file distribution, if a server with an upload rate of 'us' needs to send a file of size 'F' to 'N' peers, what is the minimum distribution time, assuming it grows linearly with N?

What is the primary reason P2P architecture is described as 'self-scaling' for file distribution?

In BitTorrent, what is the collection of all peers participating in the distribution of a particular file called?

What is the role of a 'tracker' in the BitTorrent protocol?

In BitTorrent's trading algorithm, how does a peer (Alice) decide which of her neighbors to send chunks to?

What is the typical size of a chunk in the BitTorrent protocol?

What is Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH)?

In the context of DASH, what is the purpose of the manifest file?

What is a major problem with providing a streaming video service from a single, massive data center?

What are the two main server placement philosophies for Content Distribution Networks (CDNs)?

How do most CDNs use DNS to intercept and redirect a user's request to a suitable CDN server?

What is the primary difference in how Netflix and YouTube utilize their CDNs, according to the case studies?

When programming a UDP client, what information must be attached to a packet before it can be sent through the socket?

In TCP socket programming, what is the role of the 'welcoming socket' on the server side?