Transport Layer

How many bytes of overhead does a UDP segment header have?

What is the typical header size for a TCP segment when its options field is empty?

How does TCP provide its flow-control service?

Given that Ethernet and PPP link-layer protocols typically have a Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) of 1,500 bytes and a standard TCP/IP header is 40 bytes long, what is a typical value for the Maximum Segment Size (MSS)?

In the context of TCP's round-trip time estimation, what is the recommended value of alpha for the exponential weighted moving average (EWMA) formula used to update the EstimatedRTT?

To measure the variability of the RTT, TCP calculates DevRTT. What is the recommended value of beta in the EWMA formula for DevRTT?

How does TCP calculate the retransmission timeout interval (TimeoutInterval) using the estimated RTT and its variation?

Within TCP's reliable data transfer mechanism, what event is the primary trigger for a fast retransmit?

According to the slow-start phase of TCP's congestion control, what is the typical initial value of the congestion window (cwnd)?

How does the congestion window (cwnd) increase during TCP's slow-start phase?

During TCP's congestion-avoidance phase, what is the standard method for increasing the congestion window (cwnd)?

A UDP socket is fully identified by a two-tuple. What does this two-tuple consist of?

A TCP socket is identified by a four-tuple. What are the four values that constitute this tuple?

What is described as the 'fatal flaw' in the reliable data transfer protocol rdt2.0?

What type of acknowledgments does TCP provide by acknowledging bytes up to the first missing byte in the stream?

What is the numerical range for well-known port numbers used by well-known application protocols like HTTP?

What is the most fundamental responsibility of the transport-layer protocols UDP and TCP, a function known as transport-layer multiplexing and demultiplexing?

What is the main purpose of the checksum field included in a UDP segment?

In the Go-Back-N (GBN) protocol, how is an acknowledgment for a packet with sequence number n interpreted?

Which of the following statements accurately describes the handling of connection state by TCP and UDP?

What is the name of the classic Denial of Service (DoS) attack that exploits the TCP three-way handshake by sending a large number of SYN segments but never completing the handshake?

What is the name of the effective defense mechanism deployed in most major operating systems to counter SYN flood attacks?

What is the key behavioral difference between TCP Reno and the earlier TCP Tahoe when a loss event indicated by three duplicate ACKs occurs?

TCP congestion control is often described as an additive-increase, multiplicative-decrease (AIMD) algorithm. What does this refer to?

What is a primary consequence of using pipelining in a reliable data transfer protocol, which allows the sender to transmit multiple packets without waiting for acknowledgments?

In a stop-and-wait protocol such as rdt2.0, what is the sender unable to do while it is in the 'wait-for-ACK-or-NAK' state?

According to the discussion of congestion in 'Scenario 2: Two Senders and a Router with Finite Buffers', what is identified as a cost of a congested network?

In 'Scenario 3: Four Senders, Routers with Finite Buffers, and Multihop Paths,' what additional cost of network congestion is identified?

Why is it possible for an application running over UDP to 'crowd out' TCP traffic on a congested link?

What is the underlying transport-layer protocol used by QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections)?

How does the QUIC protocol address the Head-of-Line (HOL) blocking problem that can affect multiplexed HTTP requests over a single TCP connection?

In the first step of the three-way handshake to establish a TCP connection, the client sends a special segment to the server. Which flag bit in the header is set to 1 for this segment?

In the second step of the TCP three-way handshake, the server responds with a SYNACK segment. If the client chose an initial sequence number of 'client_isn', what value does the server place in the acknowledgment field of this segment?

In TCP's congestion control mechanism, if a loss event is indicated by a timeout, what is the new value for the slow start threshold (ssthresh)?

What is the core principle behind the TCP CUBIC congestion control algorithm's modification to the congestion avoidance phase?

In the Telnet case study, after a user types the character 'C', the client sends a TCP segment containing 'C'. The server then sends a segment back to the client. What is the dual purpose of this server-to-client segment?

What is the recommended initial value for TCP's TimeoutInterval before any RTT measurements have been made?

What happens to the value of TCP's TimeoutInterval immediately after a timeout event occurs?

In the Go-Back-N (GBN) reliable data transfer protocol, what action does the receiver take when it receives a packet that is correctly received but is out of order?

In the Selective Repeat (SR) reliable data transfer protocol, what action does the receiver take when it receives a packet that is correctly received but is out of order?

How many bits long is the sequence number field in the TCP segment header?

The UDP header is composed of four fields. What are these four fields?

How many bits does the flag field in the TCP header contain?

TCP is often described as being 'self-clocking'. What does this term refer to?

In the household analogy used to explain the relationship between the transport and network layers, what does the postal service (including mail carriers) represent?

What is the service model provided by the Internet's network-layer protocol, IP?

The reliable data transfer protocol rdt3.0, which uses a 1-bit sequence number alternating between 0 and 1, is also known by what common name?

In an example demonstrating the performance of a stop-and-wait protocol, a sender on a 1 Gbps link with a 30 millisecond RTT sends a 1,000-byte packet. The sender is busy for 0.008 msec out of a total 30.008 msec cycle. What was the calculated sender utilization?

Which broad approach to congestion control is used by 'Classic' TCP as standardized in RFC 5681, where the network layer provides no explicit support?

When a process decides to close a TCP connection, the client TCP sends a special segment to the server. Which flag bit in this segment's header is set to 1 to initiate the teardown?