Introduction to Risk Management

50 questions available

The Risk Management Process and Framework5 min
The risk management process is designed to identify risk tolerance, measure risks, and modify them. It implies a continuous cycle rather than a one-time fix and explicitly states that the goal is not to eliminate risk entirely. The framework supports this by establishing governance, defining tolerance, and ensuring communication across the organization. Risk Governance is the strategic oversight by senior management, while Risk Budgeting allocates risk 'allowance' to specific investments.

Key Points

  • Risk management seeks to identify tolerance, measure, and modify risks.
  • The process does not seek to eliminate all risks.
  • Risk Governance involves senior management determination of tolerance and strategy.
  • Risk Budgeting matches risk characteristics to the organization's tolerance.
  • Risk Tolerance considers both internal and external risks.
Categories of Risk5 min
Risks are split into financial and non-financial categories. Financial risks relate directly to market mechanics, such as Credit risk (counterparty default), Liquidity risk (selling at a loss due to timing), and Market risk (price volatility). Non-financial risks stem from operational or external factors, including Operational risk (human error), Solvency risk (running out of cash), and Political/Legal risks. Individuals face unique risks like Mortality and Longevity risk, managed through insurance products.

Key Points

  • Financial risks: Credit, Liquidity, Market.
  • Non-Financial risks: Operational, Solvency, Regulatory, Political, Legal, Tail, Accounting.
  • Mortality risk is the risk of death, addressed by life insurance.
  • Longevity risk is the risk of living longer than expected, addressed by annuities.
Measuring and Modifying Risk6 min
Quantifying risk requires specific tools. Standard deviation captures volatility but fails with non-normal distributions. Beta applies to systematic equity risk. The Greeks are used for derivatives. Tail risk is critical, measured by VaR (minimum loss at a probability) and CVaR (expected loss beyond VaR). To modify risk, firms use transfers (insurance), shifting (derivatives), or bonds like Surety and Fidelity bonds. Stress testing and Scenario analysis help assess potential impacts of changing variables.

Key Points

  • Standard deviation is poor for negative skew or positive excess kurtosis.
  • VaR indicates a minimum loss threshold for a specific probability.
  • Conditional VaR (CVaR) is the expected value of loss given it exceeds VaR.
  • Stress testing changes one key variable; Scenario analysis changes multiple inputs.
  • Risk transfer uses insurance; Risk shifting uses derivatives.

Questions

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary goal of the risk management process?

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Question 2

Which component of the risk management framework involves senior management determining the organization's optimal risk exposure strategy?

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Question 3

Risk tolerance is best defined as:

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Question 4

Which of the following is considered a financial source of risk?

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Question 5

Operational risk is best described as the risk of loss due to:

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Question 6

Solvency risk is defined as the risk that the organization will be unable to continue to operate because:

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Question 7

Which risk represents the uncertainty about the organization's exposure to future legal action?

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Question 8

Tail risk is the risk that events in the tails of the distribution of outcomes are:

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Question 9

Accounting risk involves the risk that the organization's accounting policies and estimates are:

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Question 10

Which of the following is an individual risk that is typically addressed by purchasing a lifetime annuity?

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Question 11

Mortality risk for an individual is best described as:

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Question 12

Standard deviation is a measure of the volatility of asset prices. For which type of distribution is it NOT appropriate?

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Question 13

Which risk measure is most appropriate for measuring the market risk of equity securities held in a well-diversified portfolio?

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Question 14

Duration is used to measure the price sensitivity of which type of asset?

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Question 15

In the context of derivatives, what does 'Delta' measure?

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Question 16

Which of 'The Greeks' measures the sensitivity of Delta to changes in the price of the underlying asset?

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Question 17

What does the derivative risk measure 'Vega' represent?

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Question 18

Which Greek measures the sensitivity of derivative values to changes in the risk-free rate?

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Question 19

What does 'Theta' measure in the context of derivatives risks?

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Question 20

Value at Risk (VaR) is best defined as:

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Question 21

If a portfolio has a one-week VaR of 1 million USD with a probability of 5 percent, what does this mean?

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Question 22

What is a primary limitation of Value at Risk (VaR) regarding loss estimation?

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Question 23

Conditional VaR (CVaR) is calculated as:

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Question 24

Which risk assessment method examines the effects of a specific change in a key variable such as an interest rate?

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Question 25

Scenario analysis is best described as:

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Question 26

Insurance is an example of which risk modification method?

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Question 27

Forward currency contracts are an example of which risk modification method?

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Question 28

What is the purpose of a Surety bond?

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Question 29

What type of protection does a Fidelity bond provide?

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Question 30

Credit risk is also known as:

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Question 31

Liquidity risk is defined as the risk of loss when selling an asset at a time when:

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Question 32

Market risk refers to uncertainty about:

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Question 33

Regulatory risk is the risk that:

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Question 34

Political risk is defined as the risk that political actions outside a regulatory framework will:

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Question 35

What distinguishes the 'Risk Budgeting' process?

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Question 36

When analyzing risk tolerance, management must examine:

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Question 37

Which of the following is true regarding 'Conditional VaR' compared to standard 'VaR'?

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Question 38

A standard deviation measure would be most misleading for a distribution with:

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Question 39

Risk modification seeks to align actual risk exposure with:

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Question 40

Which method of modifying risk involves changing the distribution of possible outcomes?

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Question 41

A life insurance policy primarily addresses which type of risk for an individual?

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Question 42

The 'Rho' of a derivative is most concerned with sensitivity to:

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Question 43

Which risk represents the possibility that a counterparty will fail to perform its contractual obligations?

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Question 44

If a risk manager is concerned about 'human error or faulty organizational process', what type of risk are they analyzing?

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Question 45

Which Greek measures the sensitivity of a derivative's value to the volatility of the underlying asset?

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Question 46

In the context of tail risk, what does 'CVaR' stand for?

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Question 47

Which risk assessment tool involves 'what-if' analysis with multiple input changes?

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Question 48

Risk governance includes establishing processes and policies for:

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Question 49

Which of the following describes 'Gamma'?

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Question 50

Which concept is defined as 'Uncertainty about market prices of assets and interest rates'?

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