Basics of Portfolio Planning & Construction

50 questions available

The Investment Policy Statement (IPS)5 min
The IPS is the foundation of the portfolio management process. It is a written document that clearly sets out a client's circumstances, investment objectives, and constraints. Its primary purposes are to ensure a mutual understanding between the client and the manager regarding needs and risks, to act as a governing document for investment decisions, and to provide a basis for performance review. In some jurisdictions, having an IPS is a legal requirement. Major components include the description of the client, statement of purpose, duties of all parties (manager, client, custodian), and guidelines for rebalancing and updates.

Key Points

  • Written document defining client needs and constraints.
  • Standard procedure for portfolio managers; sometimes legally required.
  • Includes duties of investment manager, client, and custodian.
  • Contains appendices for Strategic Asset Allocation and Rebalancing Policy.
Risk and Return Objectives5 min
Investment objectives are divided into risk and return requirements. Risk objectives measure the client's tolerance for loss and volatility, while return objectives define the desired financial gain. Both can be expressed in absolute or relative terms. An absolute risk objective might limit losses to a specific value over a period, whereas a relative one might compare volatility to an index. Similarly, absolute return objectives target a specific percentage figure, while relative return objectives aim to exceed a benchmark like the S&P 500.

Key Points

  • Risk Objectives: Absolute (e.g., no value decrease) or Relative (e.g., tracking error vs. LIBOR).
  • Return Objectives: Absolute (e.g., 12% p.a.) or Relative (e.g., Index + 2%).
  • Objectives act as the primary drivers for asset allocation.
Willingness vs. Ability to Take Risk5 min
Determining an investor's risk tolerance involves analyzing two distinct factors: willingness and ability. Willingness is subjective and psychological, reflecting the investor's attitude toward risk and their emotional response to loss, often assessed via questionnaires. Ability is objective and financial, dependent on time horizon, wealth, insurance coverage, and income stability. When these two factors diverge, the advisor must generally defer to the lower of the two to ensure the client remains comfortable and financially secure.

Key Points

  • Willingness: Psychological attitude, beliefs about investment.
  • Ability: Financial capacity based on assets, liabilities, and time.
  • Rule: The lower of willingness or ability dictates the risk constraint.
  • Secure jobs and longer horizons increase ability.
Investment Constraints6 min
Investment constraints restrict the investment universe to tailor the portfolio to the client's specific situation. These are categorized into five types: Time horizon (longer horizons allow more risk), Tax situation (considering tax implications of investments), Liquidity (need for cash), Legal (regulatory restrictions), and Unique circumstances (special preferences like ESG or religious mandates).

Key Points

  • Time Horizon: Affects risk capacity; longer allows for recovery from volatility.
  • Tax Situation: impacts net returns and asset choice.
  • Liquidity: Speed of converting assets to cash without value loss.
  • Legal & Regulatory: Compliance with laws.
  • Unique Circumstances: Custom restrictions (e.g., no tobacco stocks).
Asset Allocation Strategies6 min
Strategic Asset Allocation (SAA) involves setting target allocations for various asset classes to meet long-term objectives. Effective SAA groups assets with high intragroup correlation and low intergroup correlation to maximize diversification. Tactical Asset Allocation (TAA) allows managers to temporarily deviate from these weights to capitalize on short-term market opportunities. The Core-Satellite approach is a hybrid strategy where the majority (core) of the portfolio is invested passively (e.g., index funds) to control costs and beta, while a smaller portion (satellite) is managed actively to seek alpha.

Key Points

  • Strategic Asset Allocation: Long-term target weights.
  • Tactical Asset Allocation: Short-term active deviations.
  • Asset Classes: Should have high internal correlation and low correlation with other classes.
  • Core-Satellite: Combines passive core with active satellite positions.

Questions

Question 1

What is the primary purpose of an Investment Policy Statement (IPS)?

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Question 2

Which of the following is considered a major component of an IPS?

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Question 3

In the context of IPS Risk Objectives, which of the following is an example of an absolute risk objective?

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Question 4

How is a 'relative' return objective best described?

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Question 5

The 'willingness' to take risk is primarily based on what factor?

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Question 6

Which of the following suggests a greater 'ability' to take risk?

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Question 7

If an investor has a high willingness to take risk but a low ability to take risk, how should the investment advisor proceed?

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Question 8

Which IPS constraint involves the need to turn investments into cash quickly without significant loss of value?

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Question 9

How does a longer time horizon generally affect an investor's risk profile?

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Question 10

A client refuses to invest in companies that produce alcohol due to religious beliefs. Under which IPS constraint does this fall?

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Question 11

What is 'Strategic Asset Allocation'?

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Question 12

Ideally, how should correlations relate to asset classes in Strategic Asset Allocation?

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Question 13

What is 'Tactical Asset Allocation'?

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Question 14

What characterizes the 'Core-satellite approach' to portfolio construction?

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Question 15

In the IPS, where is the Rebalancing Policy typically located?

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Question 16

Which of the following describes a 'Legal' constraint in an IPS?

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Question 17

An investor states they need $50,000 in six months for a house down payment. This need primarily impacts which IPS constraint?

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Question 18

Which statement best describes the relationship between the IPS and the client's tax situation?

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Question 19

Evaluation of performance in an IPS is typically measured against what?

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Question 20

What is the assessment of an investor's 'willingness' to take risk usually done with?

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Question 21

A wealthy client with a long time horizon is terrified of stock market volatility. What limits their risk objective?

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Question 22

Which of the following is a potential benefit of the Core-satellite approach?

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Question 23

If an IPS includes a constraint stating 'No investment in competitor's company', which category does this fall under?

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Question 24

Which part of the IPS typically outlines how often the policy will be updated?

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Question 25

Absolute return objectives are best illustrated by which example?

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Question 26

Tactical asset allocation is described as a:

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Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a reason for having a written IPS?

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Question 28

What does the 'Description of client' section in an IPS typically include?

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Question 29

In the context of Asset Allocation, if two asset classes have high correlation with each other, what is the implication?

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Question 30

Which component of the IPS defines how the policy will be executed?

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Question 31

A 'Relative' risk objective might be stated as:

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Question 32

The 'Ability to take risk' depends largely on:

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Question 33

If a client has a short time horizon, their risk capacity is generally:

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Question 34

Why must an investment advisor typically prioritize the lower of willingness or ability to take risk?

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Question 35

What defines the 'satellite' portion of a Core-satellite portfolio?

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Question 36

Which section of the IPS would define the responsibilities of the custodian?

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Question 37

In the context of the IPS, 'Appendices' typically contain:

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Question 38

If a client has a 'Secure job' and 'Insurances', how does this impact their risk ability?

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Question 39

Which IPS constraint is concerned with 'Regulatory' requirements?

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Question 40

A return objective stating 'Returns should exceed S&P 500 Index by 2 percent p.a.' is an example of:

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Question 41

When choosing asset classes for Strategic Asset Allocation, what is a key criterion regarding correlation?

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Question 42

Which of the following is NOT a standard IPS constraint category (LLTTU)?

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Question 43

In a Core-satellite approach, the 'Core' is typically:

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Question 44

Procedures to respond to contingencies are found in which part of the IPS?

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Question 45

Which scenario best describes a 'Liquidity' constraint?

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Question 46

How does 'Unique Circumstances' differ from 'Legal' constraints?

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Question 47

What is the consequence of low correlation between asset classes in Strategic Asset Allocation?

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Question 48

A client is 25 years old with a high income. This suggests:

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Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a component of the 'Statement of Duties and Responsibilities'?

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Question 50

The Investment Policy Statement helps specifically to:

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