Natural Resources: Timberland and Farmland5 min
Investments in natural resources like timberland and farmland offer unique return drivers compared to traditional assets. Timberland returns are generated primarily through the sale of timber and the appreciation of the underlying land. The biological growth of trees provides a natural compounding effect. Farmland returns are driven by the income from selling agricultural crops and changes in land value. These returns are sensitive to the prices of the commodities produced (e.g., wheat, corn) as well as the yield (quality and quantity) of the harvest.

Key Points

  • Timberland returns: Sales of timber + Land price changes.
  • Farmland returns: Sales of agricultural products + Land price changes.
  • Farmland risks include commodity price volatility and crop yield variability.
Commodity Investment Vehicles5 min
Investors can gain exposure to commodities through various structures. Commodity ETFs allow investors restricted to equity markets to invest in commodity futures. Equities of commodity-producing firms offer an indirect route, though their stock price movements may not perfectly correlate with the underlying commodity price due to company-specific factors. Managed Futures Funds (often run by Commodity Trading Advisors) and Individual Managed Accounts offer active management, with the latter being tailored for high-net-worth individuals. Specialized funds focus on specific sectors like energy or agriculture.

Key Points

  • Commodity ETFs: Invest in futures, accessible like stocks.
  • Commodity Equities: Imperfect correlation with commodity prices.
  • Managed Futures: Actively managed, can be mutual funds or LPs.
  • Individual Managed Accounts: Tailored for HNIs.
Commodity Returns, Risks, and Valuation7 min
Commodities are valued for their inflation-hedging properties and low correlation with traditional assets. However, they often exhibit high volatility and lower historical returns than stocks, resulting in a lower Sharpe ratio. Valuation relies on the relationship between spot and futures prices. When futures prices exceed spot prices, the market is in Contango (often when long hedgers dominate, resulting in negative roll yield). When spot prices exceed futures, the market is in Backwardation (short hedgers dominate, positive roll yield). Total return includes the Collateral Yield (interest), Roll Yield (convergence of futures to spot), and Spot Price Return.

Key Points

  • Inflation hedge: Prices move with inflation.
  • Contango: Futures > Spot (Negative Roll Yield).
  • Backwardation: Futures < Spot (Positive Roll Yield).
  • Total Return = Collateral Yield + Roll Yield + Change in Spot Prices.
  • Roll Yield is derived from the difference between spot and futures prices.

Questions

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary source of returns for timberland investments?

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Question 2

In addition to land price changes and agricultural product sales, what other factor specifically influences returns on farmland?

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Question 3

Which investment vehicle is most suitable for investors who are restricted to buying equity shares but want commodity exposure?

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Question 4

What is a primary drawback of investing in equities directly linked to a commodity?

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Question 5

How are Managed Futures Funds typically managed?

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Question 6

Which structure for commodity investing is specifically noted as an alternative to pooled funds for High Net Worth Individuals (HNIs)?

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Question 7

Historically, how do returns on commodities compare to returns on stocks and bonds?

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Question 8

Why is the Sharpe ratio for commodities typically low?

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Question 9

Which economic factor do commodity prices tend to move with, allowing them to act as a hedge?

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Question 10

What primarily determines the spot prices for commodities?

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Question 11

When Long Hedgers dominate the market, the market is said to be in which condition?

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Question 12

If the futures price is less than the spot price, the market is in:

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Question 13

Which component of return is defined as the yield due to a difference between the spot price and futures price?

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Question 14

What is the sign of the roll yield when the market is in Backwardation?

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Question 15

What constitutes the 'Collateral yield' in a commodity investment?

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Question 16

A market where the futures price is greater than the spot price is known as:

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Question 17

Who is said to dominate the market when it is in Backwardation?

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Question 18

What three components combine to form the total price return of a commodity investment?

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Question 19

If a commodity market is in Contango, what is the sign of the roll yield?

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Question 20

Which factor is NOT listed as a direct return driver for farmland in the text?

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Question 21

Commodity ETFs are best described as investing in:

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Question 22

If the Spot Price is 100 USD and the Futures Price is 110 USD, the market is in:

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Question 23

If the Spot Price is 100 USD and the Futures Price is 90 USD, the market is in:

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Question 24

An investor earns a Collateral Yield of 5 percent and a Spot Price return of 10 percent. If the market is in Contango resulting in a Roll Yield of -3 percent, what is the Total Return?

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Question 25

An investor earns a Collateral Yield of 4 percent and a Spot Price return of -2 percent. If the market is in Backwardation with a Roll Yield of 5 percent, what is the Total Return?

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Question 26

Which of the following is considered a 'specialized fund' in the context of commodities?

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Question 27

Which factor is cited as factoring into commodity prices along with supply and demand?

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Question 28

What is the primary benefit of the low correlation between commodities and traditional investments?

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Question 29

In the context of 'Natural Resources Investment Features', which asset class returns include 'quality and quantity of the crops produced'?

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Question 30

Managed futures funds can be structured as:

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Question 31

Which commodity investment method involves 'Buying shares of commodity producing firm'?

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Question 32

Which investment form allows accounts to be 'tailored to the needs of investors'?

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Question 33

The convergence of futures prices to spot prices over the term of the contract generates which yield?

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Question 34

Global economics and value to the user are factors specifically mentioned to influence:

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Question 35

Commodity prices tend to act as a hedge against inflation because:

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Question 36

What is the relationship between production costs and commodity prices?

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Question 37

A negative roll yield is associated with which market condition?

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Question 38

If a commodity investment has a Collateral Yield of 3 percent, a Roll Yield of 2 percent, and the Spot Price remains unchanged (0 percent change), what is the investor's return?

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Question 39

Which type of investors are Individual Managed Accounts for commodities mainly designed for?

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Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a component of 'Total price return' for commodities?

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Question 41

Regarding timberland, returns also include:

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Question 42

Which investment vehicle allows for 'Active management' where managers can concentrate on specific sectors?

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Question 43

If long hedgers dominate, causing the futures price to exceed the spot price, what is the term for this market structure?

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Question 44

Why might the price movement of a commodity-producing firm's stock differ from the commodity's price movement?

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Question 45

Which of the following describes 'Specialized funds'?

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Question 46

The return from collateral yield is primarily derived from:

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Question 47

If a market is in Backwardation, which inequality holds true?

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Question 48

Total return is 10 percent. Collateral yield is 2 percent. Roll yield is 3 percent. What was the change in spot prices?

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Question 49

Which entities taking active roles in determining the direction of the company are NOT typically associated with Commodity ETFs?

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Question 50

What is the implied relationship between Short Hedgers and Roll Yield according to the text?

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