Hedge Fund Features and Structure5 min
Hedge funds are pools of capital that employ diverse and complex strategies, often involving leverage, short selling, and derivatives. Unlike mutual funds, they face fewer regulations and are generally restricted to qualified investors due to high minimum investment requirements. The structure typically involves a General Partner (GP) who manages the fund and Limited Partners (LPs) who invest capital. Prime brokers play a vital role by offering custodial services, clearing trades, and lending securities for short positions. Returns are targeted either as absolute (e.g., 20 percent) or relative to a benchmark (e.g., Benchmark + 5 percent). Liquidity is managed through 'lockup periods,' where withdrawals are forbidden after initial investment, and 'notice periods,' the time required to fulfill redemption requests.

Key Points

  • Structure: Limited Partnerships (GP manages, LP invests).
  • Prime Brokers: Provide custody, lending, and admin services.
  • Liquidity: Restricted by lockup and notice periods.
  • Objectives: Absolute or relative return targets.
  • Access: High minimums for accredited investors.
Hedge Fund Strategies7 min
Strategies are central to hedge fund performance and are categorized by their approach to market inefficiencies. Event-Driven strategies capitalize on corporate actions; for instance, Merger Arbitrage involves buying a target's stock and shorting the acquirer's to capture the spread. Relative Value strategies seek pricing discrepancies between related securities, such as Convertible Arbitrage or Volatility trading, where managers sell options if implied volatility exceeds expected volatility. Macro strategies take positions based on broad economic shifts in rates, currencies, or commodities. Equity Hedge strategies focus on stock picking, ranging from Market Neutral (eliminating market risk) to Short Bias (profiting from overvalued stocks).

Key Points

  • Event-Driven: Merger Arbitrage, Distressed, Activist, Special Situations.
  • Relative Value: Convertible Arb, Fixed Income, Volatility.
  • Macro: Bets on global economic trends.
  • Equity Hedge: Market Neutral, Fundamental Growth/Value, Short Bias.
Investment Forms, Fees, and Valuation5 min
Investors can enter the hedge fund space via direct investments like the Master Feeder structure, which accommodates different tax jurisdictions, or Separately Managed Accounts (SMAs) that offer transparency. Indirect access is available through Funds of Funds (FoF), which diversify risk but charge double fees. The standard fee model is 'Two and Twenty'—a 2 percent management fee on assets and a 20 percent incentive fee on profits. Valuation poses challenges; 'Trading NAV' incorporates liquidity adjustments and is typically lower than 'Accounting NAV'. Proper due diligence requires assessing the manager's edge, track record, and operational stability.

Key Points

  • Direct Access: Master Feeder, SMAs.
  • Indirect Access: Funds of Funds (diversification vs. extra fees).
  • Fees: Typically 2 percent management and 20 percent incentive.
  • Valuation: Trading NAV < Accounting NAV due to liquidity discounts.
  • Due Diligence: Focus on strategy, key person risk, and reputation.

Questions

Question 1

What is a primary characteristic of the regulatory environment for hedge funds compared to mutual funds?

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Question 2

Which entity typically provides custodial, administrative, and money lending services to a hedge fund?

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Question 3

In a limited partnership structure for a hedge fund, what role do the investors typically hold?

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Question 4

What is the term for the time period after an initial investment during which withdrawals from a hedge fund are not allowed?

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Question 5

A 'Notice Period' in the context of hedge funds refers to what?

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Question 6

Which of the following is a primary disadvantage of investing in a Fund of Funds (FoF)?

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Question 7

Merger Arbitrage is classified under which category of hedge fund strategies?

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Question 8

In a typical Merger Arbitrage trade, if Company A is acquiring Company B, what positions does the hedge fund take?

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Question 9

Which event-driven strategy focuses on buying the debt of companies in financial difficulty?

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Question 10

An 'Activist Shareholder' hedge fund strategy primarily aims to do what?

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Question 11

Which strategy involves exploiting pricing discrepancies between convertible bonds and the common stock of the issuing company?

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Question 12

Under the 'Volatility' relative value strategy, a manager would consider an asset overvalued if:

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Question 13

Macro strategies are best described as being based on:

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Question 14

What is the primary goal of a 'Market Neutral' equity hedge fund?

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Question 15

Which equity hedge strategy involves buying undervalued shares and shorting overvalued shares based on technical analysis?

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Question 16

What distinguishes 'Fundamental Value' strategies from 'Fundamental Growth' strategies?

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Question 17

A 'Short Bias' strategy typically maintains what kind of market exposure?

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Question 18

Which investment form involves a tax-efficient offshore/onshore structure where capital is invested based on partnership agreements?

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Question 19

What is a key feature of Separately Managed Accounts (SMA) in hedge fund investing?

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Question 20

What is the common 'Two and Twenty' fee structure?

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Question 21

If a hedge fund has 100 million USD in assets, what is the annual management fee under a standard 'Two and Twenty' structure?

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Question 22

If a hedge fund generates 10 million USD in net profits, what is the incentive fee under a 'Two and Twenty' structure?

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Question 23

What is a characteristic of Hedge Fund Replication ETFs?

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Question 24

Regarding valuation, why might 'Trading NAV' be lower than 'Accounting NAV'?

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Question 25

Which of the following is an important factor in hedge fund due diligence?

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Question 26

Which strategy would a manager likely use if they believe a specific company will be spun off from its parent?

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Question 27

A 'Multi-strategy' relative value fund is best defined as one that:

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Question 28

What type of analysis do Quantitative Directional funds primarily use?

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Question 29

Which of the following is a disadvantage of exchange-traded products (ETFs) replicating hedge funds?

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Question 30

What does a 'Prime Broker' provide to facilitate short selling for a hedge fund?

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Question 31

If a hedge fund has a 'Fundamental Growth' strategy, what characterizes the companies it invests in?

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Question 32

Which strategy specifically involves buying shares of firms issuing or repurchasing securities?

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Question 33

What is the primary benefit of a 'Fund of Funds' for a small investor?

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Question 34

Relative Value strategies aim to profit from:

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Question 35

Which due diligence factor assesses the 'appropriateness of benchmarks'?

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Question 36

General Fixed Income strategies exploit pricing discrepancies between:

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Question 37

Which of the following describes the 'Short Bias' equity hedge strategy?

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Question 38

What type of risk is specifically mentioned as a due diligence factor regarding the fund manager?

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Question 39

Asset-backed fixed income strategies exploit pricing discrepancies among:

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Question 40

Which investment structure offers the most control to a large investor?

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Question 41

If a hedge fund manager expects implied volatility to be lower than future realized volatility, what action would they take?

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Question 42

Which of the following is an advantage of 'Hedge Fund Replication ETFs'?

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Question 43

A 'Market Neutral' strategy typically has a beta of approximately:

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Question 44

What does 'Longevity' refer to in the context of hedge fund due diligence?

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Question 45

Which event-driven strategy is most likely to be negatively affected if a planned acquisition deal falls through?

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Question 46

Hedge funds often seek 'Absolute Returns', which means:

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Question 47

What kind of assets do hedge funds typically invest in that mutual funds might avoid?

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Question 48

Which strategy involves simultaneous long and short positions in equities to minimize market risk?

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Question 49

A 'Convertible Arbitrage' strategy profits when:

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Question 50

Hedge fund 'Accounting NAV' is typically higher than 'Trading NAV' because:

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