Learning Module 6 Introduction to Risk Management

50 questions available

Risk concepts, process, and framework5 min
Risk is exposure to uncertainty and can be viewed as a risk driver (underlying uncertain force), a risk position (the action taken that is sensitive to the driver), and risk exposure (the potential valuation change that may result). Risk management is a continuous process of defining acceptable risk (risk tolerance), measuring current risk, and adjusting exposures to align with tolerance to maximize enterprise value or individual utility. A risk management framework should include risk governance, risk identification and measurement, risk infrastructure, defined policies and processes, monitoring and mitigation, communications, and strategic integration. Risk governance is top-down direction: boards set goals, risk appetite/tolerance, and oversight. Enterprise risk management requires a holistic view of assets and liabilities so decisions consider the entire organization instead of siloed parts. Risk budgeting operationalizes tolerance by allocating tolerable risk across risk factors or classes; budgeting can be single-dimension (standard deviation, beta, VaR) or multi-dimensional (factor or risk-class budgets). Financial risks arise in markets and include market risk (prices, rates, FX, commodities), credit risk (default/counterparty), and liquidity risk (the risk that selling a position requires large price concessions). Non-financial risks include settlement risk, legal/regulatory/tax/accounting risk, model risk, tail risk as modeling error, operational risk (people, systems, procedures, external events), cyber risk, terrorism, business interruption, and solvency risk (running out of cash). Individuals face similar risks plus health, mortality/longevity, and property/casualty risks. Risks interact nonlinearly: correlated exposures, wrong-way risk, leverage combined with liquidity and solvency risk, and systemic contagion magnify losses.

Key Points

  • Risk has three related meanings: driver, position, exposure
  • Risk management: set tolerance, measure, align exposures, monitor continuously
  • Framework components: governance, measurement, infrastructure, policies, communication
  • Enterprise view is essential: consider assets and liabilities holistically
  • Risk budgeting translates tolerance into allocatable metrics
Risk measurement and metrics5 min
Measuring risk uses probability, dispersion/standard deviation, and relative risk measures such as beta and duration. Derivative instruments require sensitivity metrics: delta (first-order), gamma (second-order), vega (volatility sensitivity), and rho (interest rate sensitivity). Tail-focused measures include Value at Risk (VaR) defined by a monetary amount, time horizon, and probability; conditional VaR (CVaR) and expected loss given default are tail-loss measures. VaR is a minimum extreme loss measure and subject to model risk and assumptions about distribution tails. Scenario analysis and stress testing ask how a portfolio performs under specified extreme or thematic conditions, complementing model-based metrics. Credit measures include probability of default, loss given default, credit VaR, and ratings. Operational and rare-event risks are difficult to measure and often rely on aggregated industry statistics or subjective assessment.

Key Points

  • Standard deviation, beta, duration quantify common risks
  • The Greeks (delta, gamma, vega, rho) measure derivatives' sensitivities
  • VaR/CVaR quantify tail exposures but have modeling limits
  • Scenario analysis and stress tests are essential complements
  • Credit and operational risks require specialized metrics and often subjective inputs
Risk modification and governance choices5 min
Once measured and compared with tolerance, risk is modified by prevention/avoidance, self-insurance/diversification, transfer (insurance, surety, reinsurance, catastrophe bonds), or shifting (derivatives: forwards, swaps, options). Prevention avoids activities with poor risk–reward; self-insurance reserves capital or accepts risk within tolerance; transfers pool risk in insurers' portfolios; shifting changes payoff distributions across states—forwards lock outcomes; options add conditionality and require upfront premium. Choosing a method weighs costs versus benefits, consistency with governance, and the final risk profile. Effective risk management needs clear roles (board, CRO, risk committee), infrastructure (data, models, stress engines), policies and processes, continuous monitoring, and robust communication and reporting to ensure exposures remain aligned with risk appetite. Risk interactions must be considered because combined risks can be worse than sum of parts; scenario planning and capital/solvency considerations are critical.

Key Points

  • Four modification approaches: avoid, accept/diversify, transfer, shift
  • Derivatives vs insurance: different cash/timing/flexibility trade-offs
  • Cost-benefit and governance alignment drive method selection
  • Continuous monitoring, reporting, and a CRO/risk committee improve outcomes
  • Consider risk interactions and solvency when designing mitigation

Questions

Question 1

Which of the following most completely captures the three distinct ways the term 'risk' is used in risk management?

View answer and explanation
Question 2

A board states the organization can tolerate a 10% shortfall in annual revenue but not a 25% shortfall. This statement is best described as:

View answer and explanation
Question 3

Which of the following best explains why an enterprise view of risk management matters for a corporate pension fund?

View answer and explanation
Question 4

Which component is not normally listed as part of a risk management framework in the chapter?

View answer and explanation
Question 5

Risk budgeting most directly helps a firm do which of the following?

View answer and explanation
Question 6

Which of these is primarily a market risk rather than a credit or liquidity risk?

View answer and explanation
Question 7

Which is the best description of liquidity risk as used in the chapter?

View answer and explanation
Question 8

Which risk is defined as the organization running out of cash even if its assets might be solvent in value terms?

View answer and explanation
Question 9

Which metric answers the question: 'What is the minimum loss we expect with 5 percent probability over a one-day horizon'?

View answer and explanation
Question 10

Which pair are first-order and second-order derivative sensitivities respectively?

View answer and explanation
Question 11

Which of the following statements about VaR is correct?

View answer and explanation
Question 12

Which tool is described as complementary to VaR for evaluating extreme scenarios?

View answer and explanation
Question 13

Which of the following best describes 'wrong-way risk'?

View answer and explanation
Question 14

Which mitigation method is described as pooling many relatively uncorrelated risks and charging premiums based on expected aggregate losses?

View answer and explanation
Question 15

A company hedges a future foreign-currency receivable by entering a forward contract to sell that currency in one year. Compared with buying an option to sell, a forward:

View answer and explanation
Question 16

Which of these is an example of operational risk as defined in the chapter?

View answer and explanation
Question 17

Which best describes 'tail risk' concerns raised in the chapter?

View answer and explanation
Question 18

Why is diversification often characterized as a form of self-insurance?

View answer and explanation
Question 19

Which of the following is a practical reason insurers include deductibles in policies, according to the chapter?

View answer and explanation
Question 20

An investment fund decides to limit its total portfolio beta to no more than 0.7. This is an example of:

View answer and explanation
Question 21

Which of the following best explains why operational risk events are hard to measure quantitatively?

View answer and explanation
Question 22

When two risks interact nonlinearly (e.g., leverage combined with liquidity stress), the resulting total loss is often:

View answer and explanation
Question 23

Which of the following is a correct example of settlement risk?

View answer and explanation
Question 24

A CRO (Chief Risk Officer) is most appropriately tasked with which of the following?

View answer and explanation
Question 25

Which of these is least likely to be a reason a board delays discussing risk tolerance until after a crisis, per the chapter?

View answer and explanation
Question 26

Which statement best describes the role of communication in risk management?

View answer and explanation
Question 27

If a firm decides to hold more cash to reduce solvency risk, this action is best classified as:

View answer and explanation
Question 28

Which of the following is an example of risk shifting rather than risk transfer?

View answer and explanation
Question 29

An investment committee wants to ensure the portfolio manager is adding value relative to passive market exposure. Which risk governance tool directly facilitates comparing active decisions against market risk-return?

View answer and explanation
Question 30

Which of the following is a correct implication of the chapter's discussion on individuals' 'enterprise' of total wealth?

View answer and explanation
Question 31

Which of the following best describes 'model risk' as used in the chapter?

View answer and explanation
Question 32

A firm faces a rare but extreme potential loss from a natural catastrophe. Which mitigation approach would the chapter most likely recommend considering first?

View answer and explanation
Question 33

Which of the following describes the primary benefit of performing scenario analysis regularly?

View answer and explanation
Question 34

Which of the following is the most accurate characterization of 'enterprise risk management' in the chapter?

View answer and explanation
Question 35

Which factor makes credit risk measurement particularly challenging, as described in the chapter?

View answer and explanation
Question 36

Which of the following is an argument the chapter gives for having a CRO or risk committee?

View answer and explanation
Question 37

Which of the following best describes a 'surety bond' in corporate risk management terms?

View answer and explanation
Question 38

A hedge fund reduces turnover and holds losing positions longer in hopes of a rebound while selling winners quickly. Which bias would a risk governance process aim to mitigate in its investment review?

View answer and explanation
Question 39

Which of the following is a correct use of the Greeks for risk management?

View answer and explanation
Question 40

An organization wants to ensure its risk exposures remain 'in line' with policies. Which step in the risk framework addresses monitoring and action when exposures deviate?

View answer and explanation
Question 41

Which of the following best explains why risks that are 'insurable' are attractive to insurers?

View answer and explanation
Question 42

Which example from the chapter illustrates how leverage can interact with liquidity to create amplified loss?

View answer and explanation
Question 43

Which of the following is NOT listed as a core component of risk infrastructure?

View answer and explanation
Question 44

Which of the following correctly pairs a mitigation technique with its typical downside as described in the chapter?

View answer and explanation
Question 45

Which of the following best summarizes why regulatory, accounting, and tax changes are challenging risks to quantify?

View answer and explanation
Question 46

Which of the following is a reason a firm would use reinsurance or catastrophe bonds?

View answer and explanation
Question 47

Which of the following is a correct application of extreme value theory mentioned in the chapter?

View answer and explanation
Question 48

If an organization sets a risk budget by factor exposures (equity beta 60%, interest-rate sensitivity 30%, FX 10%), this approach is an example of:

View answer and explanation
Question 49

Which of the following statements aligns with the chapter's view on the ultimate goal of risk management?

View answer and explanation
Question 50

Which practice would the chapter most strongly recommend to detect hindsight bias in investment review?

View answer and explanation