Learning Module 1 Ethics and Trust in the Investment Profession

50 questions available

Foundations of Ethics and Professions5 min
This module introduces ethics as a set of moral principles and rules of conduct that guide behaviour and protect stakeholders affected by professional actions. Ethics balances self-interest with consequences for clients, employers, colleagues, markets, and society. Common ethical principles include honesty, transparency, fairness, diligence, and respect for rights. Laws and regulations often codify some ethics but may be less comprehensive; ethical standards may demand higher or different behaviour than the law. Professions establish trust through codes, standards, continuing education, oversight, and sanctions. Professions are client-focused, have entry standards, bodies of knowledge, continuing education, and monitoring/discipline to protect public trust. The investment management profession has been evolving globally; professional bodies such as CFA Institute create shared expectations and develop competency frameworks and codes to improve market integrity.

Key Points

  • Ethics balances self-interest with consequences for many stakeholders.
  • Codes and standards provide a framework beyond law.
  • Professions establish trust via standards, education, oversight, and disciplinary mechanisms.
  • Investment management is evolving; global coordination and bodies such as CFA Institute matter.
Challenges, Situational Influences, and Law5 min
Challenges to ethical conduct include overconfidence in one’s morality, underestimating the power of situational influences (money, prestige, loyalty, peer behavior), and focusing on short-term gains rather than longer-term consequences. Firms sometimes over-rely on compliance-as-rule-following, which can encourage a “what can I do” rather than “what should I do” mindset; a strong ethical culture requires more than rules—it requires judgement and reinforcement from leadership.

Ethical versus legal standards: some conduct can be legal but unethical (or vice versa). Regulators and laws are important but often reactive, jurisdictionally uneven, and incomplete. Ethical conduct requires judgment, considering stakeholders, consequences, and professional duties even in the absence of strict legal rules.

Key Points

  • Behavioral biases and situational pressures often drive lapses.
  • Short-term incentives and loyalty can distort decisions.
  • Law and ethics overlap but are not identical; professionals should follow the higher standard when appropriate.
Frameworks and Practical Application5 min
The reading presents a practical, iterative ethical decision-making framework: identify the facts, stakeholders, duties, and conflicts; consider situational influences, biases, and alternative actions; decide and act; then reflect to learn and adjust. The framework encourages seeking guidance (supervisors, compliance, mentors, professional codes) and documenting reasoning. Examples show how using the framework prevents missteps (sharing confidential IPO materials, pressured research, conflicts of interest around compensation or gifts, suitability decisions for elderly clients, and whistleblowing dilemmas).

CFA Institute’s mission and role: CFA Institute promotes the highest standards of ethics, education, and professionalism. The CFA Program and Code and Standards provide a global baseline. Professionals and firms should adopt codes, maintain continuing competence, clearly disclose conflicts, avoid or disclose conflicts of interest, and create strong internal procedures (firewalls, supervision, transparency) to protect client interests and market integrity. High ethical standards safeguard market sustainability and public trust; individual and firm conduct affects the long-term efficiency of capital markets and the welfare of society.

Key Points

  • Use the four-step ethical framework: Identify, Consider, Decide and Act, Reflect.
  • Seek independent guidance and document decisions.
  • Firms should cultivate ethical culture, transparency, and procedures (firewalls, disclosures).
  • CFA Institute codifies expectations and supports continuing competence.

Questions

Question 1

Which description best captures the definition of ethics used in this module?

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Question 2

Which is NOT a characteristic by which professions establish public trust, according to the module?

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Question 3

An analyst intentionally omits a material risk in a research report to increase the odds the company will hire the firm for investment banking business. Which outcome best aligns with the module's discussion of consequences?

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Question 4

Which statement best illustrates the module’s point about the relationship between law and ethics?

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Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a situational influence described in the module that can impair ethical judgement?

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Question 6

An employee thinks, "I am honest so I would never do something unethical." According to the module, this belief most closely reflects which bias?

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Question 7

Which organizational practice does the module warn can unintentionally promote a "check-the-box" mentality rather than ethical judgement?

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Question 8

According to the module, which single action best supports building a strong ethical culture in a firm?

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Question 9

Which of the following best describes the first phase of the ethical decision-making framework presented in the module?

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Question 10

A junior analyst drafts an email containing confidential IPO analysis and considers sending it to two outside industry contacts to get feedback. Applying the module’s framework, which step should the analyst take before sending the email?

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Question 11

Which practice did the module recommend firms adopt to limit misuse of material nonpublic information?

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Question 12

An analyst compiles a 'mosaic' from public facts, vendor data, and expert conversations (nonmaterial) and concludes the firm will miss earnings. According to the module, which statement is true?

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Question 13

Which action would most likely reduce the risk that analysts are pressured by an investment bank’s corporate-finance business?

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Question 14

A fund manager sends lucrative gifts to a pension trustee who can influence manager selection. Under the module guidance, which standard is most directly implicated?

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Question 15

Which behavior is most consistent with the module’s recommendation about accepting client gifts?

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Question 16

A small fund reports a 10-year composite return but excludes several large accounts that left the firm during the period without disclosing it. This practice best illustrates which violation discussed in the module?

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Question 17

Which control does the module recommend to detect and prevent insider-trading risk within a firm?

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Question 18

Which of these is a correct interpretation of the module’s view on whistleblowing?

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Question 19

Under the module’s guidance, what is the preferred compensation structure for independent analysts doing issuer-paid research to avoid conflicts?

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Question 20

Which of the following best reflects the module’s guidance about maintaining competence (Standard I(E))?

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Question 21

Which choice best captures the module’s advice on use of social media by investment professionals?

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Question 22

An adviser recommends an investment that is legally allowed but more expensive than similar alternatives and does not disclose this to the client. Which principle from the module is breached?

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Question 23

Which of the following best describes the module’s recommended approach when a professional discovers their firm is using deceptive marketing to attract clients?

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Question 24

A portfolio manager must choose between two suitable investments: one yields slightly higher fees to the firm but the other is marginally better on total cost to the client. Under the module’s guidance, what should the manager do?

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Question 25

Which of the following best reflects the module’s position on the role of professional bodies like CFA Institute?

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Question 26

Which of the following is a primary reason the module gives for why ethics matters in capital markets?

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Question 27

A compliance department designs a new firewall but distributes the watch list to all employees. According to the module, why is this problematic?

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Question 28

Which best reflects the module’s guidance on performance benchmarks for a manager’s track record?

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Question 29

According to the module, which factor most often causes otherwise well-intentioned people to act unethically?

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Question 30

Which recommendation would the module consider best practice when a firm faces potential conflicts between research and investment banking?

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Question 31

Which step is part of the module’s recommended ethical decision process after acting on a choice?

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Question 32

A firm claims compliance with CFA Institute Code and Standards on its marketing materials. According to the module, the firm should:

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Question 33

Which of the following best summarizes the module’s guidance on disclosure of conflicts of interest?

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Question 34

A manager recommending investments to a retail client should first:

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Question 35

Which of the following actions would be a violation of Standard II(B) on market manipulation as described in the module?

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Question 36

Which of these is an example of an appropriate firm-level response to prevent plagiarism and misrepresentation in research?

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Question 37

A portfolio manager running discretionary mandates places a large personal trade ahead of client trades in the same security. According to the module, this most directly violates which principle?

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Question 38

Under the module’s examples, which action is most consistent with preserving client confidentiality (Standard III(E))?

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Question 39

An investment firm advertises the firm’s past returns but omits that the composite excluded accounts that left during the period. Under module guidance, what should be done?

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Question 40

Which measure does the module recommend for a firm that wants to ensure research objectivity from analysts?

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Question 41

Which of the following most accurately captures the module’s guidance for proxy voting responsibilities?

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Question 42

According to the module, what is the role of continuing professional development in professionalism?

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Question 43

A junior analyst uses a competitor’s published research without attribution in his firm’s report. Which module principle is violated?

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Question 44

Which of the following best matches the module’s advice when faced with conflicting laws and professional standards across jurisdictions?

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Question 45

Which action is an example of behavior that the module identifies as misconduct under Standard I(D)?

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Question 46

A buy-side manager asks a sell-side analyst to delay publication of a negative report until after the manager liquidates a short position. According to the module, which concept is violated if the analyst complies?

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Question 47

Which of these best describes a firm-level policy the module endorses to support Standard III(A) duties?

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Question 48

Which practice relating to issuer-sponsored research would the module consider acceptable?

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Question 49

An adviser managing multiple client accounts must allocate a scarce IPO allotment. According to the module, which principle should guide allocation?

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Question 50

Which of the following best summarizes the module’s advice about how ethical decision-making frameworks help professionals?

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