How does the text explain the logical relationship between mandatory and discretionary parole trends in the 1990s?
Explanation
This question asks students to understand the causal link between the decline in discretionary parole and the rise in mandatory parole, as explained in the chapter.
Other questions
What is the fundamental definition of parole as described in the chapter?
Under which branch of government does parole typically operate, distinguishing it from probation?
When and where did the concept of parole begin in the United States?
By which period had all states in the U.S. established a parole authority?
What is discretionary parole?
What type of prisoner is generally considered for discretionary parole?
What is mandatory parole?
What is the '85 percent rule' as it relates to parole?
What is an expiatory release from prison?
Why is the trend of increasing expiatory releases considered troubling?
What was the approximate successful parole completion rate in 1999, according to the Hughes et al. (2001) article cited in the text?
What is the modern term for parole that is mentioned at the end of the chapter?
What does the 'Parole Releases' chart illustrate about the relationship between discretionary and mandatory parole from 1980 to 1999?
What is the basic premise of California's concept of non-revocable parole?
According to the text, what is a primary reason for failure on parole, similar to probation?
How does the text describe the success rate of parole?
What two 'clocks' are described as starting when an inmate is sent to prison, in the context of mandatory parole?
What is an example of how an inmate might earn 'good days' to reduce their sentence for mandatory parole purposes?
What was the trend of discretionary parole releases in the 1980s and early 1990s?
What is a main criticism of the parole system mentioned in the text?
According to the text, which type of parole release is associated with inmates who have misbehaved enough to nullify their 'good days'?
What does the text imply is the main consequence of California's non-revocable parole being 'not enforceable'?
What is the primary difference between how parole and probation are aligned within the government?
The text describes a proportional system for earning time off for mandatory parole. For every week a prisoner is 'good', how many days might be taken off the end of their sentence?
What does the text suggest is one of the main questions that still remain around parole in the United States?
Which historical event is identified as the starting point for the concept of parole in the United States?
What does it mean that parole operates under the executive branch as a 'direct extension of prison terms and release'?
Which type of parole is described as having seen a 'rapid increase in the 1980s'?
What is the key condition that the 85 percent rule attaches to mandatory parole?
What is the general success rate for parolees, as stated in the text?
According to the text, what is a key reason that inmates receiving expiatory release are a concern?
What is the primary role of a parole board in the discretionary parole process?
How did states' softening of the 85 percent rules affect prison populations, according to the text?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a reason for parole failure?
The text says parole is a 'direct extension of prison terms and release' and typically operates under the executive branch. What entity is parole aligned with as a result?
What does the convergence of the two 'clocks' in the mandatory parole system signify?
Which type of parole release saw a 'marked decrease starting in the early 1990s'?
What does the text identify as the modern term for the process and issues surrounding an inmate's return to society?
What characteristic is required for an inmate to be eligible for discretionary parole?
An inmate who has served their entire sentence, often because they misbehaved and did not earn 'good days,' is released via what mechanism?
According to the 'Parole Releases' chart, which type of release from state prison was most common in 1980?
According to the 'Parole Releases' chart, which type of release from state prison was most common in 1999?
Why is parole considered a part of community corrections?
Truth in sentencing legislation, or the 85 percent rule, has what effect on the 'good days' system?
What does the text imply is the primary function of California's non-revocable parole system?
The text states that in discretionary parole, the parole board has the discretion to grant parole with what attached?
The text notes that for expiatory release, the inmate has served their entire sentence and 'sometimes more'. Why might they serve more than their sentence?
What has been the trend for releases via 'Expiration of sentence' from 1980 to 1999, according to the chart?
What is the primary consequence of an inmate nullifying their 'good days' through misbehavior?