How many central themes of critical theories are shared, according to the citation of Cullen, Agnew, and Wilcox (2018) in the text?
Explanation
The chapter outlines five distinct but interconnected themes that form the core of critical criminological thought, providing a structured way to understand this perspective.
Other questions
What is the primary focus of social reaction theories, setting them apart from other popular criminological theories?
Social reaction theories are grounded in which sociological perspective that emphasizes how meanings are constructed through social interaction?
According to labeling theorists, what does the differing legal status of marijuana at the state and federal levels demonstrate?
What is described as a potential harmful effect of being repeatedly labeled, according to labeling theorists?
According to Braithwaite's (1989) theory, what is the primary goal of reintegrative shaming?
Which type of shaming, according to Braithwaite, is considered counter-productive and tends to shun the offender?
What example does the text provide of a practice that acts as a form of stigmatizing shaming in some states?
During which decades did critical theories of crime emerge in the United States?
According to the first central theme of critical theories, what is essential to appreciate in order to understand crime?
How do critical theories characterize the concept of crime, according to their second central theme?
According to the third theme of critical theories, who does the criminal justice system primarily serve?
What do critical theories identify as the root cause of crime?
According to the fifth theme of critical theories, what is the proposed solution to crime?
What is the title of Jeffrey Reiman's (2004) book, which is used to illustrate the critical theory theme that the criminal justice system serves the ruling class?
Critical theories argue that 'crimes of the streets are punished more severely than crimes of the suites' because:
Which of the following statements best represents the perspective of labeling theory?
What is the key difference between how reintegrative shaming and stigmatizing shaming treat the offender's relationship with the community?
The historical context for the rise of critical theories included:
Which statement accurately reflects a theme of critical theory regarding the wealthy and the poor in the justice system?
What does a social reaction theorist mean when they say words 'carry power and meaning'?
In Braithwaite's framework, what is the intended purpose of shaming individuals?
Feminist theories of crime, as briefly mentioned in the chapter, seek to explain what?
Which of the following would be an example of a research question a labeling theorist might ask?
Critical theory suggests the criminal justice system's agents serve the ruling class. This implies that:
How does reintegrative shaming aim to correct behavior?
What is the consequence when stigmatizing shaming 'reigns supreme' in a society like the United States?
A key assertion of critical theories is that people with political and economic power have what?
What do integrated or combined theories attempt to do, as mentioned at the end of the chapter?
Labeling theory emerged as a response to popular theories by changing the focus from the offender to what?
According to the text, the idea that not all social reactions are ruthless and that the 'quality of social responses is significant' is a key idea from which theorist?
Which of the following phrases best captures the essence of critical theory's view on capitalism and crime?
What is the relationship between labeling theory and reintegrative shaming theory?
A critical theorist would argue that a law against loitering is more likely to be enforced against a poor person in a public park than a wealthy person for what primary reason?
Which theory would be most interested in the process by which a person, told repeatedly they are a 'troublemaker,' eventually begins to engage in more delinquent acts?
A society that uses restorative justice conferences, victim-offender mediation, and formal apologies as its primary response to crime is practicing which type of shaming?
What is the main critique offered by critical theories regarding the criminal justice system's relationship with the affluent?
The text states, 'Not everyone who commits a crime is caught. Additionally, not all those who are caught are labeled as a criminal.' This observation is the starting point for which theory?
What is the ultimate societal transformation sought by critical theorists as a solution to crime?
In the context of reintegrative shaming, what does it mean to 'remove the label'?
Which of the following would a critical theorist most likely agree with?
The text states 'stigmatizing shaming propels people towards crime.' What is the most likely mechanism for this effect?
What is the key difference in focus between critical theories and social reaction theories as presented in the text?
A key feature of stigmatizing shaming is that it degrades a person's bond to what?
The generation of scholars who developed critical theories were responding to what historical expectation after World War II?
Which theory is most concerned with the question of why some people are successfully reintegrated after punishment while others are pushed further into crime?
The example of wearing certain name brand clothes is used in the text to illustrate that:
According to critical theory, why does the criminal justice system focus more on the crimes of the poor?
What does Braithwaite mean when he says that in reintegrative shaming, we want to 'reintegrate the person back into the community by removing the label'?
The text mentions that 'critical theories believe the solution to crime is a more equitable society.' This implies a focus on what level of change?