According to the text, what percentage of industrial design activity is accounted for by new processes developed from laboratory research?
Explanation
The vast majority of chemical engineering design work involves modifying existing plants or building new plants using established technology, with the development of entirely new processes from scratch being a relatively rare activity.
Other questions
Which of the following is considered an 'external constraint' on a chemical engineering design project, as opposed to an 'internal constraint'?
What is the most important first step in starting a process design, which involves creating a more precise statement of the problem to be solved?
What is the primary purpose of a Basic Engineering Design Report (BEDR)?
Which U.S. organization is primarily associated with issuing standards for pressure vessels and pipes?
What is a typical design factor, expressed as a percentage, by which process stream average flows are increased to give some flexibility in process operation?
According to the table of approximate conversions between customary and SI units, what is the approximate SI unit equivalent for a specific enthalpy of 1 Btu/lb?
In the context of product design, what is the primary purpose of the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method?
During the FDA approval process for new medicines, which phase involves testing on patients who have the relevant disease to evaluate efficacy at different dose levels?
Using the data from the QFD analysis for toothpaste in Figure 1.6, calculate the relative importance for the 'Fluoride content' specification. The relevant customer need with a non-zero score is 'Strengthens teeth' with a priority of 8 and a score of 3.
In a design project, what is the term for distinguishing between needs that are essential ('must-haves') and those that are desirable but can be relaxed if necessary?
What is the primary activity of chemical engineering design?
Which type of design report is used to summarize a preliminary technical and economic analysis of a proposed new product or process, often to assess a competitor’s technology or a supplier’s cost structure?
What is one of the main disadvantages of using standards in design?
What is the primary danger if design factors (margins) are introduced into a process design without being clearly agreed upon and stated in project documents?
According to the approximate conversion factors in Table 1.4, one US gallon is equivalent to approximately how many cubic meters?
In the context of product design, what are products like paints, adhesives, fuels, and cleaning products, which are made from multiple chemicals, categorized as?
When conducting market research for a new product, what is the term for the end users of a product, as distinguished from the manufacturers who incorporate the chemical into their own products?
In the QFD equation for calculating the relative importance of a specification, Relative importance of specification i = SUM(Pj * sij), what does the term 'sij' represent?
In the completed QFD analysis for toothpaste (Figure 1.6), which customer need is assigned the highest priority value?
Which phase of a chemical engineering project includes the detailed mechanical design of equipment, and the structural, civil, and electrical design?
What type of project documentation includes items such as flowsheets, piping and instrumentation diagrams, and layout diagrams?
In the table of contents for a Technoeconomic Analysis report (Table 1.1), which major section would contain a breakdown of the cost of production showing variable and fixed cost components?
Why must an engineer have familiarity with SI, metric, and customary units?
What is the primary reason that the launch of a new chemical product always has high commercial risk?
What does a product specification ideally describe?
One of the uses of a prototype is to act as a communication device. What is the main purpose of this function?
How many distinct chemical species are regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 (TSCA)?
What is the phenomenon known as 'me third' syndrome in the context of commercializing new technology?
What is the 'not invented here' syndrome?
What is the purpose of fitness testing in the design process?
In a project organization chart like the one in Figure 1.4, who is typically responsible for the coordination of the entire project?
What is a key requirement for calculation sheets produced during a design project?
In a technoeconomic analysis report (Table 1.1), under which subheading would you typically find an assessment of market shares and competitor strengths and weaknesses?
What is a major advantage for an operating company of standardizing equipment designs and sizes?
What is the approximate conversion factor for heat transfer coefficient from 1 Btu/ft2 h F to W/m2 C, according to Table 1.4?
When are new molecular species most likely to be needed and commercialized?
What is a key difference between proximate and ultimate customers that a design team must consider?
What is one of the main uses of a Quality Function Deployment (QFD) exercise, besides translating needs to specifications?
In the FDA's rigorous testing process for new medicines, what is the purpose of Phase III studies?
What is the primary role of specialist engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) companies in a project?
In a Basic Engineering Design Report (BEDR), which section would contain a description of the most significant assumptions and selection decisions made by the designers?
Which national standards organization is specifically mentioned as being responsible for standards related to safety?
In the provided text, what abbreviation is often used to denote 'bar absolute' for pressure, analogous to 'psia'?
In the context of new chemical products, what is a primary driver for the prevalence of 'formulated products' sold to the general public?
What does a product development team typically do after translating customer needs into measurable properties of a product?
According to the completed QFD for toothpaste (Figure 1.6), which product specification has a 'critical' (score of 3) impact on the customer need 'Not gritty'?
In the chemical industry, new product development in manufacturing is often based on what principle?
What is the approximate cost of a new drug's development process from lab to patient, according to the reference cited in the text?
In the context of new product development, what is a key reason chemical engineers are involved in the design of new proprietary equipment such as dryers and crystallizers?