Which condition ensures that P(A | B) = P(A)?

Correct answer: Events A and B are independent.

Explanation

The definition of independence is that the conditional probability equals the unconditional probability.

Other questions

Question 1

Which of the following best describes a set of events that includes all possible outcomes?

Question 2

If a probability is determined by analyzing past data, it is best classified as an:

Question 3

If the probability of an event occurring is 0.20, what are the odds against the event occurring?

Question 4

If the odds for a company beating earnings estimates are stated as 1 to 5, the implied probability of beating estimates is closest to:

Question 5

Which rule is used to determine the probability that at least one of two events will occur?

Question 6

Given P(A) = 0.40, P(B) = 0.30, and P(A | B) = 0.50, what is the joint probability P(AB)?

Question 7

Using the same probabilities from the previous question (P(A) = 0.40, P(B) = 0.30, P(AB) = 0.15), what is the probability of A or B occurring?

Question 8

Two events A and B are mutually exclusive. If P(A) = 0.20 and P(B) = 0.40, what is P(A or B)?

Question 9

If two events A and B are independent, which of the following equations must hold true?

Question 10

Assume the probability of rolling a 4 on a six-sided die is 1/6. What is the probability of rolling three 4s in three consecutive rolls?

Question 11

An analyst estimates a 60 percent probability the market rises. If the market rises, there is a 70 percent chance a specific stock rises. If the market does not rise, there is a 20 percent chance the stock rises. What is the unconditional probability the stock rises?

Question 12

Given the following return distribution: 30 percent probability of 10 percent return; 50 percent probability of 12 percent return; 20 percent probability of 15 percent return. What is the expected return?

Question 13

Using the same distribution (30 percent prob of 10 percent; 50 percent prob of 12 percent; 20 percent prob of 15 percent; expected return 12 percent), what is the variance?

Question 14

A portfolio consists of 40 percent Asset A and 60 percent Asset B. Asset A has an expected return of 8 percent, and Asset B has an expected return of 14 percent. The portfolio expected return is:

Question 15

The covariance between returns on Stock A and Stock B is 0.005. The standard deviation of Stock A is 0.10 and the standard deviation of Stock B is 0.20. The correlation coefficient is:

Question 16

Which of the following statements about covariance is correct?

Question 17

A portfolio has 60 percent invested in Asset 1 and 40 percent in Asset 2. Asset 1 variance is 0.04, Asset 2 variance is 0.09, and the covariance is 0.03. What is the portfolio variance?

Question 18

Consider a portfolio with two assets where the correlation coefficient between their returns is +1.0. The standard deviation of the portfolio will be:

Question 19

In a 3-asset portfolio, how many unique covariance terms (off-diagonal) are needed to calculate the portfolio variance?

Question 20

Prior probabilities are updated to posterior probabilities using:

Question 21

Assume P(Information | Event) = 0.75, P(Information) = 0.40, and P(Event) = 0.20. What is P(Event | Information)?

Question 22

An analyst wants to select 3 stocks for a 'buy' list from a universe of 10 stocks. The order of selection does not matter. The number of possible combinations is:

Question 23

There are 5 runners in a race. How many ways can the first, second, and third place trophies be awarded?

Question 24

A manager must label 8 stocks into three categories: 4 'Hold', 3 'Buy', and 1 'Sell'. How many ways can these labels be assigned?

Question 25

Calculate 5 factorial (5!).

Question 26

Which of the following is a conditional probability?

Question 27

If P(A) = 0.5 and P(B) = 0.5, and A and B are independent, what is P(A or B)?

Question 28

Given: P(A) = 0.60, P(B | A) = 0.70, P(B | Not A) = 0.20. What is the updated probability P(A | B)?

Question 29

A probability distribution has outcomes 1, 2, and 3 with probabilities 0.2, 0.5, and 0.3 respectively. What is the standard deviation?

Question 31

Given Cov(A,B) = 0.004, Var(A) = 0.04, Var(B) = 0.01. The correlation coefficient is:

Question 32

If two assets have a correlation of -1.0, the portfolio standard deviation can potentially be reduced to:

Question 33

In a decision tree, the probability of reaching a specific terminal node is calculated by:

Question 34

A manager assigns 3 analysts to cover 3 different industries. If the assignment of specific analysts to specific industries matters, how many assignment options are there?

Question 35

Given P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.4. If A and B are mutually exclusive, P(A or B) is:

Question 36

The sum of probabilities of a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive events must equal:

Question 37

A scatter plot of two variables shows a pattern sloping from lower left to upper right. This indicates:

Question 38

Calculate the number of ways to choose a committee of 2 people from a group of 5.

Question 39

A subjective probability is based on:

Question 40

If a portfolio contains 60 percent stock and 40 percent bonds, and the covariance is 0.001, what is the contribution of the covariance term to the portfolio variance?

Question 41

The expected value of a roll of a fair six-sided die is:

Question 42

Which probability rule is used to update beliefs when new information arrives?

Question 43

If Event A is 'Rain' and Event B is 'No Rain', these events are best described as:

Question 44

What is the correlation of a risk-free asset with a risky asset?

Question 45

If P(A) = 0.4 and P(B) = 0.3, what is the maximum possible value for P(AB)?

Question 46

Using 10 items, calculating the number of ways to create 5 pairs would involve:

Question 47

If P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.2, and P(A or B) = 0.7, events A and B are:

Question 48

An event has a probability of 0.125. The odds against this event are:

Question 49

What is the variance of a risk-free asset?

Question 50

Which tool illustrates the calculation of unconditional probabilities using conditional probabilities for a sequence of events?