Which set of features, often called 'the four Ds', is used in most definitions of psychological abnormality?
Explanation
This question tests the student's knowledge of the fundamental criteria used to define psychological abnormality, known as 'the four Ds'. Understanding these four features is crucial for the initial assessment of abnormal behavior.
Other questions
According to Thomas Szasz, the deviations that society calls 'abnormal' are more accurately described as what?
What are the three essential features of all forms of therapy, according to clinical theorist Jerome Frank?
In the United States, what percentage of adults and children/adolescents, respectively, display serious psychological disturbances and are in need of clinical treatment in any given year?
What ancient surgical procedure, which involved cutting a hole in the skull, was thought to be a treatment for severe abnormal behavior by releasing evil spirits?
Who was the Greek and Roman physician, often called the father of modern medicine, who taught that illnesses had natural causes and resulted from an imbalance of four fluids or humors?
During the Middle Ages, what were tarantism and lycanthropy examples of?
Who was the German physician, considered the founder of the modern study of psychopathology, who believed the mind was as susceptible to sickness as the body?
The establishment of asylums, such as London's Bethlehem Hospital, initially intended to provide good care but eventually became known for what?
What was the new approach to treatment called that was championed by Philippe Pinel and William Tuke, which emphasized humane and respectful techniques?
Who was the Boston schoolteacher who campaigned for reform from 1841 to 1881, leading to new laws and greater government funding for state hospitals in the United States?
By the end of the nineteenth century, the moral treatment movement had declined due to several factors. Which of the following was NOT a factor mentioned in the text?
What are the two opposing perspectives that emerged in the late 1800s, where one attributed abnormal functioning to physical causes and the other to psychological causes?
The rebirth of the somatogenic perspective in the late nineteenth century was influenced by the work of Emil Kraepelin and the discovery that which disease led to general paresis?
The rise of the psychogenic perspective was heavily influenced by the work on hypnotism, a procedure used by figures like Friedrich Anton Mesmer. What were Mesmer's patients typically suffering from?
Who was the Viennese physician who developed the theory and technique of psychoanalysis, holding that unconscious processes are at the root of abnormal functioning?
What was the name for the policy, beginning in the 1950s, of releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from public mental hospitals, which was made possible by the discovery of new medications?
The policy of deinstitutionalization saw the number of patients in public mental hospitals drop from close to 600,000 in 1955 to what number today?
What is the primary mode of treatment today for people with severe psychological disturbances as well as for those with more moderate problems?
The clinical field's growing emphasis on preventing disorders before they develop and promoting psychological wellness is an approach known as what?
The area of study that seeks to understand how culture, race, ethnicity, and gender affect behavior and thought is called what?
What is the dominant form of insurance coverage for mental health patients today, where the insurance company determines the choice of therapists, cost, and number of sessions?
At least what percentage of all privately insured persons in the United States are currently enrolled in managed care programs?
Before the 1950s, psychotherapy was offered almost exclusively by which group of professionals?
According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of the 'four Ds' used to define psychological abnormality?
The chapter highlights that judgments of abnormality are dependent on cultural norms. For example, a woman seeking to run a major corporation in Western society a hundred years ago would have been considered inappropriate or even what?
According to the PsychWatch box 'Marching to a Different Drummer: Eccentrics', what did researcher David Weeks find regarding the emotional health of the 1,000 eccentrics he studied?
In the Greek and Roman view, an excess of which humor was believed to be the source of melancholia, a condition marked by unshakable sadness?
What was the name of the forerunner of today's community mental health programs, a shrine in Belgium where people with mental disorders were welcomed into residents' homes starting in the fifteenth century?
Who is considered the father of American psychiatry and was responsible for the early spread of moral treatment in the United States at Pennsylvania Hospital?
According to Table 1-1, 'Eugenics and Mental Disorders', in what year did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that eugenic sterilization was constitutional?
The development of the psychogenic perspective was advanced when Hippolyte-Marie Bernheim and Ambroise-Auguste Liébault showed that hysterical disorders could be what?
In the 1950s, the discovery of what type of drugs led to the policy of deinstitutionalization by reducing many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning?
Despite the promise of the community mental health approach, what percentage of persons with severe psychological disturbances currently receive no treatment of any kind?
What is positive psychology?
Members of racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States currently make up 35 percent of the population. This percentage is expected to grow to what level in the coming decades?
Which professional group is identified in Table 1-2 as the largest group of mental health professionals in the United States, with over 430,000 members?
What is the primary difference between a 'patient' and a 'client' in clinical terminology?
What term refers to a society's stated and unstated rules for proper conduct?
According to the 'Verbal Debuts' PsychWatch box, in which century did the word 'psychological' make its debut in print?
The text discusses 'cyber fear' as a modern pressure. What is an example of an e-crime that contributes to this fear?
What did physician Josef Breuer's patient 'Anna O.' refer to as her 'talking cure'?
What type of treatment format, developed by Freud and his followers, involves patients visiting therapists in their offices for sessions and then going about their daily activities?
As a result of deinstitutionalization, at least how many individuals with severe psychological disturbances are homeless on any given day in the United States?
What is the term for an arrangement in which an individual directly pays a psychotherapist for counseling services, which was the primary form of outpatient care before the 1950s?
According to research on happiness discussed in the 'Positive Psychology' PsychWatch box, what is the approximate ratio of people who report being 'not too happy'?
In 2011, a federal parity law went into effect in the United States. What does this law direct insurance companies to do?
According to the 'Gender Shift' box, what percentage of psychologists today are female?
Which of the following is NOT one of the 15 characteristics of eccentrics identified by researcher David Weeks?
One of the final key developments discussed in the chapter is the growing appreciation since World War II for what?