According to the principle of 'Weighing Risks Against Benefits', what is considered a potential risk to the scientific community?
Explanation
This question differentiates between the types of risks associated with each of the three groups affected by research (participants, science, society), focusing on the specific risks to the scientific community.
Other questions
According to the chapter, what is the definition of ethics?
The framework for thinking about ethical issues in psychological research presented in Table 3.1 involves how many general moral principles?
The ethical framework described in the chapter suggests that a thorough consideration of ethics must take into account how moral principles apply to three specific groups of people. Which of the following is NOT one of those groups?
In Stanley Milgram's original study on obedience, what was the surprising result?
In the context of research ethics, what is a 'confederate'?
The principle of 'Acting Responsibly and With Integrity' promotes trust, which is essential. What specific ethical issue that can conflict with this principle is highlighted in the chapter?
The Tuskegee syphilis study is used as a tragic example of a violation of which moral principle?
In the Tuskegee syphilis study, what were the participants, who were poor African American men, told they were being treated for?
What fundamental concept, related to respecting people's autonomy, requires researchers to obtain and document a person's agreement to participate in a study after informing them of all relevant details?
What is the difference between confidentiality and anonymity in research?
Why is ethical conflict in psychological research considered unavoidable according to the chapter?
In Milgram's 1963 study on obedience, out of 40 subjects, how many showed definite signs of nervous laughter and smiling?
The Tuskegee syphilis study was conducted by the US Public Health Service over a period of many years. The study began in 1932 and was discontinued in what year?
Which moral principle is most directly concerned with carrying out research in a thorough and competent manner, meeting professional obligations, and being truthful?
The research that mistakenly linked the MMR vaccine to autism resulted in harm to society because it led to...
According to the principle of Seeking Justice, if a new psychotherapy tested in a study proves to be effective, what would be a fair action regarding the control group that received no treatment?
What does the chapter state is a person's 'right to decide what information about them is shared with others'?
In the 'personal space' study conducted in a public men's room, how did the researchers justify their controversial methods?
What is the term for a participant's right to make their own choices and take their own actions free from coercion?
How did the Tuskegee syphilis study continue to violate ethical principles even after penicillin became the standard treatment for syphilis in the 1940s?
Which of the following is NOT listed as a potential benefit for research participants?
What does the chapter suggest is the main reason it is not always easy to weigh the risks of research against its benefits?
In Milgram's own description of his obedience study, what severe reaction was observed in three of the forty subjects?
The principle of Respecting People’s Rights and Dignity was violated in the Tuskegee study because participants did not give true informed consent. Why was their consent not considered 'true'?
What does the chapter state is the point of dealing with ethical conflict in responsible and constructive ways?
The framework for thinking about research ethics adapted from the American Psychological Association (APA) Ethics Code applies four moral principles to how many distinct groups of people affected by the research?
In what decade did the Tuskegee Syphilis Study begin?
What was the primary ethical conflict in Stanley Milgram's obedience study?
How did journalists and activists play a role in the Tuskegee syphilis study?
Which of the following principles from the ethical framework most directly addresses the fair distribution of risks and benefits across different groups in society?
The idea that being completely truthful with research participants can make it difficult or impossible to conduct scientifically valid studies is an example of what?
What did Milgram do to debrief his participants after the obedience study?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four general moral principles represented in the framework for thinking about ethical issues?
An agreement not to disclose a participant's personal information without their consent is the definition of what ethical practice?
According to the text, a risk to science is that if a research question is uninteresting or a study is poorly designed, then the time, money, and effort spent on that research could have been spent on what?
How many years passed between the start of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932) and the formal apology by President Bill Clinton (1997)?
Which of the following actions best exemplifies the moral principle of 'Seeking Justice' at a broader societal level?
What does the chapter imply about competent and well-meaning researchers regarding ethical conflicts?
In the 'Was It Worth It?' text box about Milgram's study, one participant was described by an observer as being reduced to what within 20 minutes?
Which action is a fundamental violation of the principle of 'Acting Responsibly and With Integrity'?
The chapter mentions the study on 'personal space' in a men's room was criticized by some as an 'unjustified assault on human dignity.' This criticism directly relates to which of the four moral principles?
What is the term for the condition where a participant's name and other personally identifiable information is not collected at all?
How many general moral principles are outlined in the ethical framework described in the chapter?
When President Bill Clinton formally apologized for the Tuskegee Syphilis Study in 1997, how many years had passed since the study ended?
A study that involves deceiving participants and then subjecting them to physical harm would be a clear violation of which ethical principle?
Which of the following describes a risk primarily to 'society' rather than to 'research participants' or 'science'?
What is the minimum number of groups a research project's ethics must be considered in relation to, according to the framework in Table 3.1?
The feeling of satisfaction from contributing to scientific knowledge is listed as a potential benefit for which group?
In the case of Milgram's study, had participants been told they might be 'reduced to a twitching, stuttering wreck,' it is likely many would not have agreed to participate. This highlights a failure to obtain true...