Which two neurotransmitters have long been documented as having low activity levels that contribute to developing depressive disorders?
Explanation
The biochemical model of depression has long focused on the role of specific neurotransmitters. Low activity of two key monoamine neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and serotonin, is strongly implicated as a biological factor in depressive disorders.
Other questions
What is the key distinction between the two main groups of mood disorders, depressive disorders and bipolar disorders?
To be diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), for how long must the required symptoms be present?
What is anhedonia, a significant mood disturbance reported in individuals with depression?
Into which four general categories can the symptoms of depression be grouped?
What is the minimum duration an individual must experience a depressed mood to be diagnosed with Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)?
To meet the criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), an individual must experience at least how many symptoms from the specified categories?
Which of the following symptom clusters is characteristic of premenstrual dysphoric disorder?
Hypersomnia, a physical symptom of depression, is defined as what?
What is the single criterion that MUST be met for a diagnosis of Bipolar I Disorder?
What is the minimum duration for an abnormal, persistent, or expansive irritable mood to be classified as a manic episode?
For a diagnosis of Bipolar II disorder, what is the minimum duration that behaviors consistent with a hypomanic episode must be present?
According to the 'Making Sense of the Disorders' box in Section 4.2.3, what distinguishes a manic episode from a hypomanic episode in terms of severity?
What is the term for the rapid shifts in mood, ranging from happy to neutral to irritable, that can be displayed during a manic episode?
A diagnosis of Bipolar II Disorder requires which combination of episodes?
What is the minimum duration for the presentation of hypomanic and mild depressive symptoms to meet the criteria for Cyclothymic Disorder?
During a manic episode, at least three symptoms are required for a diagnosis. If the mood is only irritable, how many symptoms must be present?
What is the approximate 12-month prevalence rate for major depressive disorder (MDD) within the United States?
Which age group reports the highest rates of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
How much more likely are women to experience Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) compared to men?
What is the 12-month prevalence of bipolar I disorder in the United States?
What is the 12-month prevalence rate of bipolar II disorder in the United States?
Approximately what percentage of individuals with rapid-cycling bipolar episodes are women?
Compared to the general population, individuals with a depressive disorder have how much of an increased risk for suicide?
What is the estimated lifetime risk of suicide for individuals with bipolar disorders compared to the general population?
What percentage of individuals with bipolar disorder die by suicide?
In a large-scale research study, what percentage of participants with lifetime MDD also met the criteria for at least one other DSM disorder?
According to the text, which of these is NOT listed as a disorder that co-occurs with MDD?
Which of the following are listed as frequent comorbid disorders with bipolar I disorder?
What is the most common category of comorbid mental disorders associated with bipolar II disorder?
In cases of comorbidity with MDD, what did the majority of studies find regarding which disorder occurred first?
There is nearly what percentage increase in relatives diagnosed with depression compared to the 10 percent rate in the general population?
In a large-scale twin study on depression, what was the concordance rate for identical twins if one twin was diagnosed?
According to the twin study on depression, what was the concordance rate for fraternal twins?
Twin studies within bipolar disorder have yielded concordance rates for identical twins as high as what percentage?
What combination of neurotransmitter levels is believed to possibly explain manic episodes in bipolar disorder?
Which two hormones, regulated by the endocrine system, have been implicated in the development of depression?
Which three brain structures are identified as being implicated in depressive disorders?
What is the core concept of Martin Seligman's theory of learned helplessness?
What are the three components of Aaron Beck's cognitive triad?
According to the behavioral model and Peter Lewinsohn, what causes depression?
What does the rumination theory suggest about gender differences in depression?
What is described as the most common first-line attempt at treatment for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
How do Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) improve depression symptoms?
What is the basic mechanism of action for Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)?
Despite their side effects, what is the treatment response rate for individuals prescribed MAOIs for depression?
In the four-phase model of CBT for depression, what is the goal of Phase 2?
What is the primary goal of Behavioral Activation (BA) as a treatment for depression?
What is considered the first-line treatment option for bipolar disorder?
Why are newer antidepressants often avoided as a primary treatment for bipolar disorder?