Stimuli such as food, water, and relief from pain that are naturally preferred or enjoyed by an organism are known as:
Explanation
This question tests the distinction between primary and secondary reinforcers in operant conditioning.
Other questions
According to Wolfgang Köhler's research with chimpanzees, what is the term for the sudden understanding of a solution to a problem?
In Edward Tolman's maze experiment with rats, what did he call the form of learning that is not reinforced and remains hidden until there is a motivation to demonstrate it?
In Albert Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment, children who observed an adult model acting aggressively toward the doll were more likely to:
How many research studies were reviewed in the meta-analysis by Anderson and Bushman (2001) that tested the effects of playing violent video games on aggression?
What is the process of learning through which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a behavior?
In Pavlov's experiments, the food served as the:
What is the term for the reduction in responding that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus?
When an existing conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for a pairing with a new conditioned stimulus, this process is known as:
Which principle, developed by Edward L. Thorndike, states that responses that create a pleasant outcome are more likely to occur again?
In operant conditioning, what term refers to any event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior?
Taking aspirin to reduce the pain of a headache is an example of which type of operant conditioning?
Which type of partial reinforcement schedule leads to slower initial learning but also greater resistance to extinction?
Payoffs from slot machines are an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?
What is the process of guiding an organism's behavior to the desired outcome through the use of successive approximation to a final desired behavior?
According to the study by Lepper, Greene, and Nisbett (1973), what happened to the children's interest in playing with markers after they were in the 'expected reward' condition?
In the prisoner's dilemma game, what is the outcome if both prisoners take the cooperative choice and do not confess?
In the prisoner's dilemma scenario described in the text, what is the sentence for each prisoner if they both confess?
A situation in which the behavior that creates the most positive outcomes for an individual may in the long term lead to negative consequences for the group as a whole is known as a:
What type of learning did John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner believe could explain all learning?
The finding by Gershoff (2002) that children who were spanked were more aggressive and had poorer mental health in the long term supports the general principle that:
The tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus is known as:
According to research by John Garcia, which type of association are organisms evolutionarily prepared to learn most easily?
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be explained as an instance of classical conditioning where the original fearful trauma serves as the:
What type of reinforcement schedule involves reinforcing a behavior after an average, but unpredictable, number of responses?
Which behaviorist promoted the use of 'programmed instruction,' an educational tool that allows students to progress at their own rate?
The finding that offering rewards for a task that a child already enjoys may make the task itself less appealing is known as the:
In Albert Bandura's discussion of observational learning, what reason does he give for not teaching complex skills like swimming or surgery through trial and error?
What is the educational tool, promoted by B. F. Skinner, that consists of self-teaching with the aid of a specialized textbook or machine that presents material in a logical sequence?
A teacher giving a student extra homework after she misbehaves in class is an example of what?
What did the research by Bushman and Anderson (2002) find about college students who had just played a violent video game compared to those who played a nonviolent game?
Which type of learning is described as being very difficult to explain using only conditioning and occurs when a solution to a problem seems to 'pop' into one's head?
In the study by Lewicki (1985), students who had a negative interaction with an experimenter with short hair and glasses were more likely to avoid a new, different experimenter who also had short hair and glasses. This demonstrates:
Taking away a teen's computer after he misses curfew is an example of what?
A schedule in which responses are sometimes reinforced and sometimes not is known as a:
The learning process described by Ivan Pavlov, in which a dog learns to associate a sound with food, is called:
What did Edward Tolman argue that the rats in his maze study had formed, which allowed them to quickly learn the maze once reinforcement was introduced?
According to the text, the relation between viewing television violence and aggressive behavior is about as strong as the relation between:
In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the dog's salivation in response to the food is the:
An increase in responding to the conditioned stimulus following a pause after extinction is known as:
The ability to respond differently to stimuli that are similar but not identical is called:
Money is considered what type of reinforcer?
In the prisoner's dilemma, if you confess and your partner does not, what is your outcome according to the matrix in the text?
Which reinforcement schedule produces a response pattern where an animal slows down immediately after reinforcement and then increases the behavior as the time for the next reinforcement gets closer?
According to the summary of learning theories, what is a key design consideration when using rewards in education?
What does research suggest about learning a second language, in relation to the 'critical period' hypothesis?
A person who checks email frequently throughout the day is being reinforced on what type of schedule?
According to the text, a potential limitation of offering rewards is that it may teach children to perform an activity for the reward rather than for their own interest. What is this phenomenon called?
Which learning principle accounts for more behavior using fewer principles than any other set of psychological theories, according to the text?
In the summary of Chapter 7, what is defined as the sudden understanding of the components of a problem that makes the solution apparent?