Question 39 of 50

What is the term for the set of assumptions, rules, and procedures that scientists, including psychologists, utilize to conduct research?

According to the characteristics of good theories described in section 2.1, what does it mean for a theory to be 'parsimonious'?

What is the term for a precise statement of how a conceptual variable, such as 'anxiety,' is turned into a measured variable, like 'scores on an anxiety scale'?

An Institutional Review Board (IRB) is a committee whose goal is to determine the cost-benefit ratio of research. What is the minimum number of members required for an IRB?

What is the primary purpose of a debriefing procedure in ethical research?

Which type of research design is intended to provide a snapshot of the current state of affairs, such as the thoughts, feelings, or behavior of individuals?

In the context of descriptive statistics, what is the term for the score in the center of a distribution, where 50 percent of scores are greater and 50 percent are less?

A scatter plot shows that as scores on variable A increase, scores on variable B also tend to increase. How is this relationship described?

What does a Pearson correlation coefficient (r) value of negative 0.72 indicate about the relationship between two variables?

What is the most significant limitation of correlational research designs?

In an experimental research design, what is the term for the variable that is created or manipulated by the experimenter to observe its effect?

What procedure is most commonly used in experimental research to create initial equivalence among participants in the different experimental conditions?

Which of the four major threats to the validity of research occurs when the variables used in a study, such as a supposed IQ test, do not adequately assess the conceptual variables they were designed to measure, such as intelligence?

What does it mean if a research result is described as 'statistically significant' with a 'p < 0.05'?

In an experiment, what is the term for a variable other than the independent variable on which participants in one condition differ systematically from those in other conditions, thereby threatening internal validity?

A situation in which an experimenter subtly treats research participants in various experimental conditions differently, leading to an invalid confirmation of the research hypothesis, is known as what?

What is the term for the process of repeating previous research, which forms the basis of all scientific inquiry and helps assess the external validity of findings?

What statistical technique uses the results of existing studies to integrate and draw conclusions about those studies, often providing a more powerful and objective summary of research literature?

Research that is designed to replicate—that is, to repeat, add to, or modify—previous research findings contributes to what important outcome in science?

A researcher states the hypothesis, 'Using marijuana will reduce learning.' In this abstract statement, what are the terms 'using marijuana' and 'learning' known as?

What is the term for a data distribution that is symmetrical and shaped like a bell, with most scores located near the center?

In a dataset of family incomes, a single extreme score, such as dollar 3,800,000, that is far from the other scores and disproportionately impacts the mean is called what?

The relationship between anxiety and performance, where performance increases with anxiety from low to moderate levels but then decreases as anxiety becomes high, is an example of what type of relationship?

A researcher finds a positive correlation between viewing violent TV and aggression in children. The possibility that a third factor, such as the parents' discipline style, causes both the TV viewing and the aggression is an example of what?

What is the term for a relationship observed between two variables that is actually produced by a common-causal variable, and which would disappear if the effects of that common-causal variable were controlled for?

What is the term for the extent to which the results of a research design can be generalized beyond the specific way the original experiment was conducted, applying to a wider variety of people and situations?

What is the term for an experiment in which both the researcher and the research participants are blind to the condition that the participants are in?

Which characteristic of a good theory means that the variables of interest can be adequately measured and the relationships predicted by the theory can be shown to be incorrect through research?

What is described in the text as the most direct ethical concern of a scientist when conducting research with human participants?

Deception occurs whenever research participants are not completely and fully informed about a research project before participating. On what grounds do some psychologists defend the use of deception?

Sigmund Freud's development of his important theories of personality through the detailed investigation of his patients, such as 'Little Hans,' is a classic example of which type of descriptive research?

A research design in which more than one predictor variable is used to predict a single outcome variable is analyzed using what statistical technique?

What is the complete range of possible values for the Pearson correlation coefficient (r)?

In the Anderson and Dill (2000) experiment designed to test the effect of violent video games on aggression, some participants played a violent game (Wolfenstein 3D) while others played a nonviolent game (Myst). What role did the type of video game play in this research design?

Which type of validity applies primarily to experimental research designs and refers to the extent to which we can trust the conclusions about the causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables?

One requirement for the construct validity of a research measure is that the measure be reliable. What does reliability refer to?

The standard deviation, which is symbolized as 's', is the most commonly used measure of what aspect of a data distribution?

At what point in the research process is an informed consent form typically used?

A developmental psychologist who watches children on a playground and describes what they say to each other while they play is conducting what specific type of descriptive research?

What is the term for principles that are so general as to apply to all situations in a given domain of inquiry, such as the law of gravity or the law of effect, and are rarely subjected to direct scientific tests because their validity is already well established?

In correlational research, if a scatter plot shows that individuals with above-average values for one variable tend to have below-average values for the other variable, what type of relationship is indicated?

In a dataset with an extreme outlier, such as the family income example where the mean was dollar 223,960 and the median was dollar 73,000, why is the median considered a better indication of central tendency?

Why does the text state that research never 'proves' a theory?

While the ethical codes of the American Psychological Association allow researchers to use deception, what must researchers explicitly consider before proceeding with a deceptive study?

In an experiment, what is the term for the measured variable that is expected to be influenced by the experimental manipulation?

What is one of the three key aspects that makes a meta-analysis a relatively objective method of reviewing research findings?

According to the American Psychological Association's guidelines on research with animals, what must psychologists make reasonable efforts to minimize for animal subjects?

To avoid experimenter bias, what is a common procedure in which the researchers, although they know the research hypotheses, do not know which conditions the participants have been assigned to?

What is a primary advantage of using correlational research designs compared to experimental designs?