What is the name for the memory disorder that produces an inability to retrieve events that occurred *before* a given time, often as a result of trauma?
Explanation
The question asks for the term describing memory loss for events prior to an injury. The text provides a clear definition for retrograde amnesia.
Other questions
Which measure of memory involves a two-step process of first generating an answer and then determining if it seems correct, as is typical for essay tests?
The ability to perform complex tasks like riding a bicycle without being able to explicitly explain the steps involved is an example of what type of implicit memory?
What is the maximum duration that echoic memories, which are a form of auditory sensory memory, can last?
What is the term for the cognitive bias that describes the tendency to verify and confirm existing memories rather than to challenge or disconfirm them?
According to research by Rassin, Merkelbach, and Spaan cited in the text, what percentage of college students reported being confused about whether an event was real or dreamed?
Which principle, discovered by Hermann Ebbinghaus, suggests that learning is more effective when study sessions are spread out over time rather than massed together?
The famous patient Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) was unable to form new memories after surgery on his hippocampus. What is the term for this inability to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory?
In the word fragment test described in the text, participants found it easier to complete fragments like '_ i b _ a _ y' as 'library' after reading a sentence about someone at a building with shelves and books. This phenomenon is an example of what type of implicit memory?
According to George Miller's research, what is the 'magic number' representing the capacity of short-term memory for most adults?
What memory technique involves organizing information into smaller, meaningful groupings to increase the number of items that can be held in short-term memory?
In the study by Darley and Gross, participants who were led to believe a girl named Hannah came from an upper-class background remembered her getting more answers correct on an intelligence test than those who thought she was from a lower-class background. This demonstrates how memory can be influenced by what?
The misinformation effect, studied by Loftus and Palmer, demonstrates that memory can be distorted when new information influences existing memories. In their experiment, which word led participants to estimate the highest speed for the cars in the traffic accident film?
What is the term for a vivid and emotional memory of an unusual event that people believe they remember very well, such as where they were during the 9/11 attacks?
The tendency to judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily it can be retrieved from memory is known as what?
In the study of counterfactual thinking involving Olympic medalists, which group of athletes was, on average, rated as being happier?
What principle of memory encoding suggests that we are better able to remember information if we link it to our own experiences and thoughts about the self?
According to Hermann Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve, when does the most significant amount of forgetting occur?
The finding that it is easier to recall items from the beginning of a list is known as what?
If learning a new computer programming language makes it harder to remember an older one you learned previously, you are experiencing what type of interference?
What is the term for a pattern of knowledge in long-term memory that helps us organize information, such as our knowledge about the steps involved in ordering a meal at a restaurant?
The biological process involving the strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons as a result of frequent stimulation, which is a key component of memory formation, is known as what?
Which brain structure is described as a 'preprocessor and elaborator of information' and is particularly important for encoding explicit memories?
In George Sperling's 1960 research on iconic memory, for how long did the visual display of letters last for the participants?
The cognitive bias known as 'functional fixedness' occurs when people's schemas prevent them from doing what?
What memory technique involves continuing to practice and study material even after you believe you have mastered it?
The 'sleeper effect' describes an attitude change that occurs over time when we forget what about a piece of information?
Research by Godden and Baddeley with scuba divers demonstrated an increase in retrieval when the external situation in which information is learned matches the situation in which it is remembered. What is this phenomenon called?
What is the most average or typical member of a category, such as a robin for the category 'bird,' referred to in memory research?
What did psychologist Karl Lashley conclude from his experiments where he lesioned different parts of rats' brains but found they still retained some memory of a maze?
The phenomenon where people are more likely to attend to and remember unique, colorful, or unexpected stimuli is known as what?
The three general types of implicit memory discussed in the text are procedural memory, classical conditioning effects, and what else?
According to the Peterson and Peterson (1959) study on short-term memory decay, information was almost completely forgotten by how many seconds if rehearsal was prevented?
Visual sensory memory is known as iconic memory, while auditory sensory memory is known as what?
According to the two-factor theory of emotion proposed by Schachter and Singer, what are the two necessary components that combine to create an emotional experience?
In the experiment by Bargh and his colleagues, what was the unconscious effect of having participants make sentences using words related to stereotypes of the elderly?
What is the phenomenon known as eidetic imagery often referred to as?
What type of memory measure assesses how much more quickly information is learned when it is studied again after being forgotten?
In the context of short-term memory, what is the process of repeating information mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in memory?
The fact that chess masters can remember the positions of pieces on a chessboard better than novices, but only when the positions are from a real game, demonstrates the importance of which memory technique?
What is the term for the tendency to experience events according to 'what might have been,' which can lead bronze medalists to feel happier than silver medalists?
The frustrated 'tip-of-the-tongue' phenomenon, where we are certain we know something but cannot recall it, is a good example of what?
What type of learning refers to the superior retrieval of memories when an individual is in the same physiological or psychological state as they were during encoding?
The tendency to better remember stimuli that are presented at the end of a list is referred to as what?
What is the term for when earlier learning impairs our ability to encode information that we try to learn later, such as when knowing French makes it harder to learn Spanish?
When activating one concept in a category (like 'wrench') makes it easier to remember another concept in the same category (like 'screwdriver'), this process is known as what?
Which neurotransmitter, a form of the amino acid glutamic acid, is described in the text as perhaps the most important for memory?
In the Darley and Gross (1983) study, what grade was the girl named Hannah said to be in?
What is the term for the memory measure that simply involves determining which item from a list seems most correct, as used in multiple-choice tests?
The fact that people have trouble solving the candle-tack-box problem because they see the thumbtack box only as a container for tacks is an example of what cognitive bias?