Question 12 of 50

What is the term for something that stands in for or represents something else, and can be communicated verbally, in writing, or nonverbally?

According to the text, approximately how many language codes are used in the world, and what percentage of those are only spoken without a written version?

In the triangle of meaning model, what highlights the indirect relationship between a symbol and a referent?

What term refers to definitions that are accepted by the language group as a whole, such as a dictionary definition?

During what age range do babies typically begin 'babbling' as a practice for more intelligible speech?

Which type of linguistic expression involves reporting on sensory information that you are taking or have taken in, such as in eyewitness testimony?

What is the term for utterances that try to get another person to do something, ranging from a polite ask to a forceful command?

What is the term for newly coined words or words that are newly used in a language, such as through borrowing or structural changes?

What type of unsupportive message involves labeling someone's whole identity with a negative trait like 'irresponsible' or 'lazy'?

What model is used to illustrate how language can range from concrete to abstract, showing that as a concept moves up the ladder, more of its original essence is lost?

What are messages that include all the relevant types of expressions (observations, thoughts, feelings, and needs) needed to most effectively communicate in a given situation?

According to the text, what term refers to when a person deviates from established social norms in verbal communication, which can take forms like insults, bullying, or deception?

What are related communication structures that come one after the other in an interaction, such as a question being followed by an answer?

The idea that language shapes our view of reality and our cultural patterns is best represented by what concept?

What are versions of languages that have distinct words, grammar, and pronunciation, such as the one spoken in the Appalachian Mountains?

What does communication accommodation theory suggest when a person makes their communication more like another person's?

Referring to a person as 'urban' as a substitute for racial identity is an example of what kind of language use?

What is the term preferred over 'sexual preference' because it does not suggest a voluntary choice and reflects research showing sexuality is more complex?

What is the term for a verbal manifestation of intense negative beliefs and feelings toward a group, which is often used to intimidate an out-group and motivate an in-group?

People can process language at a rate of 400 to 800 words per minute, while the average speaking rate is what?

What are the rules that govern how words are used to make phrases and sentences, making language both learnable and usable?

Expressing the statement 'I feel like you’re too strict with your attendance policy' is actually an example of expressing what, according to the text?

What term describes words that have multiple meanings, two of which are opposites, such as 'sanction' (which can mean 'to allow' or 'to prevent')?

According to research cited in the text, approximately what percentage of slang terms that emerge over a fifteen-year period survive in the language?

What is the term for language that refers to specialized words used by a certain group or profession?

Saying 'I slept like a baby' is an example of what type of figurative language?

What are the two main types of swearing identified by scholars in the text?

What is the term for conclusions based on direct observation or group consensus?

In the German language, what is the cultural ritual called that allows students to switch from using the formal pronoun 'Sie' to the informal 'Du' with a professor?

In the United States, what term is used for versions of English that have distinct words, grammar, and pronunciation and vary by region, class, or ancestry?

The theory that explores why and how people modify their communication to fit situational, social, cultural, and relational contexts is known as what?

Using a gender-neutral pronoun like 'they' instead of the generic 'he' is a strategy to avoid what kind of bias in language?

What term is preferred to the word 'handicap' because it avoids placing the source of limitation on the person and instead considers the environment?

In the language acquisition timeline, at what age do babies begin to follow adult conversations by shifting eye contact from one speaker to the next?

Saying 'I promise' or 'I pledge' is an example of what kind of language, which is more like an action than a packet of information?

Inversion, a form of wordplay that produces slang words like 'sick' or 'wicked' to mean their opposite, is a creative feature of what aspect of language?

The text discusses six verbal tactics that can lead to feelings of defensiveness and separation. Which of the following is NOT one of those tactics?

What type of language captures people's attention and imagination by conveying emotions and action, such as using the word 'shiver' or 'heartbroken'?

The misperception of an inference (a conclusion based on limited information) as an observation (an observed or agreed-on fact) is known as what?

What are culturally relative social norms that influence politeness rituals, such as the different meanings of 'thank you' in American English versus British English?

The use of terms like 'nonwhite' illustrates cultural bias by setting up what as the norm against which other races are compared?

What term refers to the communicative strategies we employ to project, maintain, or repair our public image or challenge another's?

What is the primary way that languages expand their vocabulary, as exemplified by English being called the 'vacuum cleaner of languages'?

The term for less evocative synonyms for or indirect references to words or ideas that are deemed inappropriate to discuss directly, such as for sex or death, is what?

What type of linguistic expression is primarily instrumental and helps us get things done by communicating our wants or requesting help?

What is the term for a skewed way of viewing or talking about a group that is typically negative and can make reference to cultural identities like race, gender, or age?

What is the term for a perception of the self as an individual with unique feelings, thoughts, and motivations, which is more common in individualistic cultures?

The use of the term 'opposite sex' is considered a form of gendered bias because it presumes what?

At what stage of language acquisition do babies first begin to respond to different tones of voice, such as angry, soothing, or playful?