According to the text, what is the primary focus of learning theories in contrast to strain theories?
Explanation
This question tests the understanding of the fundamental distinction between learning theories and strain theories as presented in the chapter's introduction. Learning theories examine 'how' crime is learned, while strain theories examine 'why' people are pushed toward it.
Other questions
In Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments with dogs, what was the unconditioned stimulus?
What is the primary goal of reinforcement in B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning?
The example of a seatbelt alarm that rings until you buckle up is used in the text to illustrate what concept from operant conditioning?
According to Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory, where does the principal part of learning criminal behavior occur?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four main concepts of Ronald Akers' social learning theory?
What is the 'principle of differential association' as described in Sutherland's sixth proposition?
How does Ronald Akers' theory of social learning differ from Edwin Sutherland's original differential association theory?
What type of learning is characterized as passive, where an association is built between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus, as seen in Pavlov's work?
According to the text, what is an example of negative punishment?
Sutherland's seventh proposition states that differential associations may vary in which four respects?
What is the primary focus of subcultural theories as described at the end of the section?
According to Akers' theory, what are 'definitions'?
Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory consists of how many separate but related propositions?
Why does Sutherland's ninth proposition argue that criminal behavior cannot be explained by general needs and values?
What concept in Akers' theory explains how a person can learn criminal behavior by observing others being rewarded for it?
According to the text, in what year did Edwin Sutherland present his final revision of differential association theory?
What is the key difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
Sutherland's second proposition states that criminal behavior is learned through which process?
In Akers' theory, what is the most important source of social learning?
What does the text imply is a key limitation of classical conditioning as an explanation for complex human behavior like crime?
According to Sutherland's fourth proposition, when criminal behavior is learned, what two things does the learning include?
What is the key difference between punishment and reinforcement in operant conditioning?
In Akers' theory, a person's religious or moral beliefs that remain consistent are considered what type of definition?
Which early philosopher is mentioned in the text as believing that human beings learned through association and had a 'blank slate' at birth?
Sutherland and B.F. Skinner were ironically teaching at which university during the late 1940s, although Sutherland never incorporated Skinner's ideas?
What is the primary way that subcultural theories, as mentioned in the chapter, explain how crime is learned?
In Pavlov's experiment, the dog's salivation in response to the ringing bell is known as the:
Sutherland's eighth proposition claims that the process of learning criminal behavior involves what?
What is the primary distinction between positive punishment and negative punishment?
What idea from early philosophers, mentioned at the beginning of the chapter, is foundational to learning theories?
According to the text, a parent scolding a teenager for breaking curfew is an example of what?
Which theorist is credited with creating the most prominent statement of a micro-level learning theory of crime, known as differential association?
What do learning theories and strain theories have in common, according to the text's description of how they relate?
In the context of Akers' theory, if a juvenile vandalizes a storefront and his friends' praise makes him more likely to do it again, the praise serves as what?
What does Sutherland's first proposition of differential association state?
According to the text, when does the learned behavior of classical conditioning become extinct?
Sutherland's fifth proposition states that the specific direction of motives and drives is learned from what?
In the chapter's discussion of punishment, what is the key distinction between positive and negative punishment?
How did Ronald Akers build upon Sutherland's theory to create his 'differential reinforcement' theory?
What does the text identify as a real-world example of learning through classical conditioning?
Sutherland's theory argues that people give meaning to their situation, which determines if they obey the law. What does this 'meaning-making' process help explain?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of 'imitation/modeling' from Akers' theory?
What is the function of punishment, as opposed to reinforcement, in operant conditioning?
The learning theories discussed in the chapter primarily focus on explaining crime at what level?
According to Sutherland's theory, how do people acquire the specific direction of their motives and drives?
What is operant conditioning described as in the text?
In what year did Edwin Sutherland first present his differential association theory?
According to Akers, differential reinforcement refers to what?
Which learning theory focuses more on the 'ideas of what is learned' rather than the social conditions or learning process?