Chronic asthmatics often develop airway hyperreactivity. Which of the following is mentioned in the text as a nonimmunological stimulus that can trigger symptoms in these individuals?
Explanation
This question highlights the concept of airway hyperreactivity in chronic asthma, where the airways become sensitive to triggers that are not the original allergen. The text provides specific examples of these nonimmunological stimuli.
Other questions
If both parents of a child are atopic, what is the approximate chance that the child will develop an IgE-mediated allergy?
How does the common respiratory allergen Der p 1, a cysteine protease from house dust mites, facilitate its own entry across the mucosal epithelium?
Netherton's syndrome is characterized by high levels of IgE and multiple allergies. What is the underlying cause of this disease?
What is the central concept of the current version of the 'hygiene hypothesis' as it relates to allergic disease?
What is the name of the high-affinity IgE receptor that is expressed on mast cells and basophils and is central to triggering allergic reactions?
Which of the following molecules is released from preformed granules in mast cells within seconds of their activation during an allergic reaction?
In healthy humans, what is the typical proportion of eosinophils among the total leukocytes in circulation?
What is the term for the immediate allergic skin lesion, caused by histamine acting on H1 receptors, that is characterized by visible edema and local reddening?
What is the immediate pharmacological treatment for severe anaphylactic shock that can control its life-threatening cardiovascular and respiratory effects?
In the 'endotype' classification of asthma, which T-cell subset is thought to play a larger role in severe, steroid-resistant asthma, where neutrophils are also prominent in the inflammatory infiltrates?
What is the approximate prevalence of IgE-mediated food allergies among American and European adults?
What is the primary reason that the antibiotic penicillin is particularly prone to inducing IgE-mediated allergic reactions?
What is the mechanism of action for the therapeutic monoclonal antibody omalizumab in treating allergic diseases?
What type of antibody is primarily responsible for forming the local immune complexes that cause an Arthus reaction?
Following an injection of a large quantity of a foreign antigen like horse antiserum, what is the typical time frame for the onset of symptoms of serum sickness?
What is the term for the pathological loss of the slender, fingerlike villi in the intestinal epithelium that is characteristic of celiac disease?
What is the approximate percentage of celiac disease patients who express the HLA-DQ2 class II MHC allele?
In the pathogenesis of celiac disease, which enzyme is responsible for the deamidation of gluten peptides, a key step that enhances their binding to HLA-DQ2?
What is the general term for an immune-mediated local inflammatory reaction in the skin caused by direct contact with certain antigens?
The Mantoux test, which involves intradermal injection of tuberculin to test for previous exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the prototypic example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
In studies performed in Western industrialized countries, what is the approximate percentage of the test population that shows an exaggerated tendency to mount IgE responses to common environmental allergens?
Which cytokine, produced by activated mast cells and by damaged or injured epithelial cells, can directly act on TH2 cells to amplify the TH2 response?
What is the estimated maximum annual exposure dose of the common pollen allergens in ragweed (Ambrosia species) for an individual?
Human mast cells in mucosal epithelia are classified as a specific subtype based on their primary protease content. What is this subtype called?
The lipid mediator Prostaglandin D2, which is critical in the development of allergic diseases like asthma, is synthesized from arachidonic acid via which enzymatic pathway?
What is the common name for the CC chemokines CCL11, CCL24, and CCL26, so named because of their specificity for recruiting eosinophils?
In experimental skin tests for allergy, what is the typical time frame for the peak of the late-phase reaction after the initial antigen challenge?
In long-standing asthma, persistent inflammation can lead to airway tissue remodeling. This includes an increase in the number of smooth muscle cells, a process known by what term?
Some drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions, such as hemolytic anemia caused by penicillin, are not dependent on IgE. In these cases, what antibody isotype mediates the destruction of drug-coated red blood cells?
What is the common name for the occupational lung disease caused by the formation of immune complexes in the alveoli after repeated exposure to allergens like hay dust or mold spores?
The allergic rash from poison ivy is caused by a CD8 T-cell response to the urushiol oil in the plant. How do these lipid-soluble chemicals manage to be presented to CD8 T cells?
In celiac disease, certain gliadin-derived peptides can stimulate the innate immune system directly. This process involves inducing intestinal epithelial cells to release which cytokine, which in turn leads to the upregulation of MIC-A?
What is the term used to describe the condition where an individual manifests the combination of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, allergic asthma, and allergic eczema?
The chromosome region 5q31-33 is strongly associated with atopy and contains a cluster of genes for TH2-type cytokines. Which of the following cytokines is NOT encoded in this specific gene cluster?
Inherited variation in the human TIM family of genes, located on chromosome 5, has been correlated with which specific clinical condition related to asthma?
Loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the skin barrier protein filaggrin are a major risk factor for eczema. What percentage of Caucasians is estimated to carry such a mutation?
In genetically susceptible individuals, by how much can co-exposure to diesel exhaust particles increase the production of IgE when combined with an allergen?
What is the common name for Fc-epsilon-RII, the low-affinity IgE receptor that is a C-type lectin and is present on cell types such as B cells and activated T cells?
The late-phase allergic reaction is caused by the continued production and release of inflammatory mediators. Which of the following is specifically mentioned as a vasoactive mediator that contributes to the edema of this late-phase response?
In the airway remodeling seen in chronic asthma, the smooth muscle layer thickens due to an increase in cell number (hyperplasia) and what other process?
What is the clinical term for the IgE-mediated allergic reaction to airborne allergens that are deposited on the conjunctiva of the eye?
Approximately how many deaths occur each year in the United States from severe allergic reactions to food?
What is a characteristic feature of most food allergens that allows them to reach the mucosal surface of the small intestine as intact molecules?
Successful allergen desensitization therapy typically induces a change in the antibody response away from IgE predominance to a predominance of which other antibody class?
The mechanism of successful allergen desensitization appears to depend on the induction of which specific type of T cells that secrete IL-10 and/or TGF-beta?
In a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, such as the Mantoux test, how long after the antigen challenge does it typically take for the fully developed T-cell-mediated inflammatory reaction to appear?
The incidence of celiac disease has increased fourfold in the last 60 years. According to the text, this increase correlates with what specific change in modern baking practices?
Contact hypersensitivity responses to the divalent cation nickel can be initiated in two ways. One involves altering peptide binding to MHC class II. What is the other mechanism mentioned in the text?
Non-IgE dependent drug-induced hypersensitivity can lead to hemolytic anemia. In this reaction, what type of antibody targets the drug that has bound covalently to the surface of red blood cells?